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Anatomy 11.1-11.6
Term | Definition |
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Describe how the nervous system is functionally divided into the Somatic and the Autonomic nervous systems. What is the function of each functional nervous system? | somatic- related to consciousness : conscious sensation and commands autonomic- related to automatic : involuntary sensation and commands |
Which senses are part of the somatic nervous system? | olfaction, vision, somatosensation, audition & equilibrium, gustation |
Where are the control centers for each of the 5 somatic sensations? | found in cerebrum more specifically the CEREBRAL CORTEX (different parts of it). |
General route a somatosensory sensory pathway takes through the nervous system to relay information from a facial sensor to the cerebral cortex. | 1) cranial nerve (trigeminal, CN5) 2) brain stem 3) thalamus (found in diencephalon) 4) primary somatosensory cortex (found in cerebral cortex) |
Which somatic senses are connected to the CNS by spinal nerves, and which somatic senses are connected to the CNS by cranial nerves? | CNS by cranial nerves: olfaction, vision, audition & equilibrium, somatosensation, gustation CNS by spinal nerves: somatosensation |
Describe how spinal nerves, plexuses, and peripheral nerves are connected. | Spinal nerves intertwin into plexus(es) through on peripheral nerve |
Name and describe the function of the 4 plexuses of the body. | cervical plexus C1 to C5: throat/neck muscles & sensors brachial plexus C5 to T1: upper limb muscles & sensors lumbar plexus L1 to L4: lower abdomen/parts of thigh muscles & sensors sacral plexus L4 to S4: buttocks/lower limb muscles & sensors |
General route a somatosensory sensory pathway takes through the nervous system to relay information from a sensor to the cerebral cortex | 1) peripheral nerve 2) plexus 3) spinal nerve 4) dorsal horn of the spinal cord 5) spinal column of the spinal cord 6) brainstem 7) thalamus 8) somatosensory cortex |
Is a spinal sensory pathway considered an ascending or descending pathway? | Ascending pathway |
What does it mean for a pathway to be ipsilateral or contralateral? Which sensory pathways tend to be ipsilateral or contralateral? | Contralateral: opposite side of the brain processes information it originated from. ex. right to left, spinal sensory Ipsilateral: same side of the processes information ex. right to right, cranial sensory |
What does it mean for a neuron to decussate? | when information crosses over at brainstem to opposite side of the brain |
What does it mean for pathways to be “topographically” arranged in the cerebral cortex? | Each eye maps onto specific group of neurons in the cerebral cortex |
What does it mean to have uneven matching in the topographical arrangement between the sensors and cortex? | Uneven matching between sensor arrangement and cerebral cortex surface area leads to uneven sensitivity for a given sensation |
What are association and multimodal areas, and what do they do? | Association Areas: Give meaning to sensations Multimodal Association Areas: - Incorporate multiple different sensory modalities - Make connections/ associations between different sensory information -Give spatial awareness of our body |
Motor pathway's general route through the nervous system to relay information from the motor cortices to skeletal muscles | 1) motor cortices (primary motor cortex, premotor cortex, supplementary motor area, etc.) 2) brainstem 3) spinal column of the spinal cord 4) ventral horn of the spinal cord 5) spinal nerve 6) plexus 7) peripheral nerve 8) effector organ |
Which organs of the body are considered effector organs for the somatic nervous system? | Skeletal Muscle |
Is a spinal motor pathway considered an ascending or descending pathway? | Descending pathway |
Which motor pathways tend to be ipsilateral or contralateral? | Spinal motor pathways are contralateral Cranial motor pathways are ipsilateral |
Describe how information is passed from the sensory pathway to primary and then to other cortices. | Sensory information "flows" from the primary cortex to association cortices to multimodal association cortices |
What is a reflex? | Simple pathways that do not include a cerebral cortex (not a cortical pathway). Reflexes can use spinal or cranial nerves. |
Describe the difference between a cortical pathway and a reflex. What are the advantages and disadvantages of a cortical pathway vs. a reflex? | Cortical pathway- leads to or from cortex cerebral, can process complex, slower Reflex- can't process complex information, fast |
Pathway of a withdrawal reflex | 1) pain sensor 2) peripheral nerve 3) plexus 4) spinal nerve 5) dorsal horn 5) ventral horn 6) spinal nerve 7) plexus 8) peripheral nerve 9) muscle |