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ANAPHY
Lec6 - Digestive system
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| DIGESTIVE SYSTEM FUNCTIONS | Ingestion & mastication/ Propulsion and mixing/ Digestion and secretion/ Absorption/ Elimination |
| The consumption of solid or liquid food. | Ingestion |
| It is also called chewing. | Mastication |
| The movement of food from one end of the digestive tract to the other. | Propulsion |
| The movement of food back and forth in the digestive tract to mix it with enzymes and facilitate absorption | Mixing |
| The mechanical and chemical breakdown of large molecules into smaller molecules that can be absorbed. | Digestion |
| The addition of liquids, enzymes, and mucus to the ingested food. | Secretion |
| The movement of molecules out of the digestive tract and into the blood or lymphatic system. | Absorption |
| The removal of undigested material, such as fiber from food, plus other waste products from the body as feces. | Elimination |
| The digestive tract is also referred to as the ___________________ ________. | gastrointestinal tract |
| The _______ is one long tube from the mouth to the anus. | tract |
| The digestive tract consists of the: | • oral cavity (mouth) • pharynx • esophagus • stomach • small intestines • large intestines • anus |
| The digestive system includes some associated organs, not directly in the digestive tract, that have ducts that lead into the tract. These associated organs are the: | • salivary glands • liver • gallbladder • pancreas |
| The layers of the tract wall are also termed _________. | tunics |
| (Layers of Digestive Tract Wall) innermost layer; secretes mucus | Mucosa |
| (Layers of Digestive Tract Wall) above mucosa; contains blood vessels, nerves, small glands | Submucosa |
| (Layers of Digestive Tract Wall) above submucosa; longitudinal, circular, and oblique muscles | Muscularis |
| (Layers of Digestive Tract Wall) outermost layer; with our without peritoneum | • If peritoneum is present called Serosa • If no peritoneum then called Adventitia |
| _____________ ______________ or serosa, is the serous membrane that covers the organs. | Visceral peritoneum |
| ___________ _______________ is the serous membrane that lines the wall of the abdominal cavity. | Parietal peritoneum |
| These are connective tissue sheets that hold organs in place in the abdominal cavity. | Mesenteries |
| Mesentery connecting lesser curvature of stomach to liver and diaphragm. | Lesser omentum |
| Mesentery connecting greater curvature of stomach to transverse colon and posterior body wall; also called the “Abdominal policemen” | Greater omentum |
| RETROPERITONEAL ORGANS (PUKI DADAS) | PUKI DADAS • Pancreas • Ureter • Kidney • Inferior vena cava • Duodenum • Ascending Colon • Descending Colon • Abdominal Aorta • Suprarenal gland |
| Other abdominal organs that have no mesenteries are referred to as ________________________; behind the peritoneum. | retroperitoneal |
| RETROPERITONEAL ORGANS (SAD PUCKER, detailed ver.) | • Suprarenal gland (adrenals) • Abdominal aorta / IVC (“Ay! VC”) • Duodenum (2nd & 3rd part) • Pancreas (except tail) • Ureters • Colon (ascending & descending) • Kidneys • Esophagus • Rectum (Middle) |
| EXTRAPERITONEAL ORGAN (No peritoneal covering at all) | Inferior rectum |
| Is superior rectum peritoneal, extraperitoneal, or retroperitoneal? | peritoneal |
| Is middle rectum peritoneal, extraperitoneal, or retroperitoneal? | retroperitoneal |
| Is inferior rectum peritoneal, extraperitoneal, or retroperitoneal? | extraperitoneal |
| PERITONEAL ORGANS | 1. Esophagus 2. Stomach 3. 1st duodenum 4. Jejunum / ileum 5. Cecum & appendix 6. Transverse / sigmoid colon 7. Superior rectum 8. Liver, biliary tree 9. Spleen |
| A muscular structures, formed by the orbicularis oris muscle and covered by skin. | Lips |
| Lateral walls of the oral cavity, within this are the buccinator muscles which flatten it against the teeth. | Cheeks |
| Large, muscular organ that occupies most of the oral cavity; it moves food in the mouth and, in cooperation with the lips and cheeks, holds the food in place during mastication. | Tongue |
| How many teeth in normal adult? Babies? | 32 (Babies are usually born with 20 baby teeth, also known as primary teeth. They start to come through the gums at about 6 months of age.) |
| Parts of the teeth | Incisors, canine, premolars, molars, wisdom |
| How many primary (deciduous) teeth? | 20 |
| Each tooth has _________ (visible portion of a tooth), _______ (points), ________ (small region between the crown and the root), ________ (largest region of the tooth and anchors it in the jawbone) | CROWN (visible portion of a tooth), CUSP (points), NECK (small region between the crown and the root), ROOT (largest region of the tooth and anchors it in the jawbone) |
| Within the center of the tooth is a pulp cavity, which is filled with blood vessels, nerves, and connective tissue, called _______. | pulp |
| The pulp cavity is surrounded by a living, cellular, calcified tissue that forms the bulk of a tooth called __________. | dentin |
| In the crown of the tooth, the dentin is covered by an extremely hard, acellular ___________. | enamel (hardest substance in the human body, comprising rows of hydroxyapatite "calcium and phosphorus salts" embedded in a protein matrix) |
| Teeth are held in place within pockets in the bone, called ____________. | alveoli |
| Dental ____________________ are breakdown of enamel by acids from bacteria on the tooth surface. | caries (cavities/ tooth decay) |
| The maxillary teeth have a pair of __________ ___________ (erupts at 6 to 8 months; lost at 5 to 7years). | central incisor |
| The maxillary teeth has a __________ ___________ (erupts at 8 to 11 months; lost at 6 to 8 years). | lateral incisor |
| The maxillary teeth has a __________ (erupts at 16 to 20 months; lost at 8 to 11 years). | canine |
| The maxillary teeth has a _______ _________ (erupts at 10 to 16 months; lost at 9 to 11 years). | first molar |
| The maxillary teeth has a __________ ________ (erupts at 20 to 24 months; lost at 9 to 11 years). | second molar |
| It is also called the third molar. | Wisdom tooth |
| Roof of oral cavity | Palate |
| Anterior part made of bone | Hard palate |
| Posterior part consists of skeletal muscle and connective tissue | Soft palate |
| It produces saliva which is a mixture of serous (watery) and mucous fluids. | Salivary glands |
| It keeps the oral cavity moist needed for normal speech dissolves food particles so they can be tasted protects against bacteria and neutralizes pH begins the process of digestion | saliva |
| The salivary glands are what shape of glands? | compound alveolar glands |
| The alveolar processes are covered by dense fibrous connective tissue and moist stratified squamous epithelium, referred to as the ___________. | gingiva (gums) |
| _________________ _____________ secure the teeth in the alveoli by embedding into the cementum. | Peridontal ligaments |
| Is enamel is nonliving and cannot repair itself? | Yes |
| Three major pairs of salivary glands | (1) the parotid glands, (2) the submandibular glands, and (3) the sublingual glands |
| a mixture of serous (watery) and mucous fluids and has multiple roles | Saliva |
| The largest of the salivary glands, the _____________ ________, are serous glands located just anterior to each ear. ____________ _______ enter the oral cavity adjacent to the second upper molars. | parotid glands; parotid ducts |
| Salivary gland that produces more serous than mucous secretions, found along the inferior border of the mandible. | Submandibular gland |
| The _______________ ________, the smallest of the three paired salivary glands, produce primarily mucous secretions in the floor of the oral cavity. | sublingual gland |
| Serous portion of saliva contains what? | enzymes |
| Digestive enzyme that breaks down carbohydrates | Amylase |
| Enzymes that are active against bacteria | Lysozyme |
| The submandibular and sublingual glands contain a large amount of _________, a proteoglycan that gives a lubricating quality to the secretions of the salivary glands. | mucin |
| It is also called the throat that connects the mouth to the esophagus. It has three parts. | Pharynx (nasopharynx, oropharynx. laryngopharynx) |
| Tube that connects the pharynx to the stomach, transports food to the stomach, joins stomach at cardiac opening. | Esophagus |
| It occurs when gastric juices regurgitate into esophagus, caused by caffeine, smoking, or eating or drinking in excess. | Heartburn |
| • Sites where swallowed foreign bodies can lodge • Difficult to pass an Esophagoscope • Strictures develop • Common sites of carcinoma | Esophageal constrictions |
| Esophageal constrictions where the pharynx joins the upper; end /at the beginning of esophagus; caused by cricopharyngeus muscle. | Upper /Pharyngoesophageal |
| Esophageal constrictions where the aortic arch and left main bronchus cross its anterior surface. | Middle / Thoracic |
| Esophageal constrictions where the esophagus passes through the diaphragm at the esophageal; also called hiatus | Inferior / Diaphragmatic |
| A muscular tube, lined with moist stratified squamous epithelium, that extends from the pharynx to the stomach. It is about 25 cm long and lies anterior to the vertebrae and posterior to the trachea within the mediastinum. | Esophagus |
| The _______ _____ of the esophagus has skeletal muscle in its wall, while the _______ _____ has smooth muscle in its wall. | upper 2/3; lower 1/3 |
| ________________ or _______________, can be divided into three phases: (1) the voluntary phase, (2) the pharyngeal phase, and (3) the esophageal phase. | Swallowing (deglutition) |
| A phase of swallowing where bolus (mass of food) formed in mouth and pushed into oropharynx. | Voluntary phase |
| A phase of swallowing where swallowing reflex initiated when bolus stimulates receptors in oropharynx. | Pharyngeal phase |
| A phase of swallowing where it moves food from pharynx to stomach. | Esophageal phase |
| Wave-like contractions moves food through digestive tract | Peristalsis |
| It is located in abdomen; storage tank for food; can hold up to 2L of food; produces mucus, hydrochloric acid, protein digesting enzymes; contains a thick mucus layer that lubricates and protects epithelial cells on stomach wall from acidic pH (3) | Stomach |
| The esophagus opens into the _________ part. | cardiac (cardia) |
| The ___________ is to the left of, and superior to, the cardiac part in the stomach. | fundus |
| The ________ is largest part of the stomach. | body |
| The body turns to the right, creating two curvatures namely... | lesser curvature and greater curvature |
| The body narrows inferiorly to form the funnel-shaped _________ part of the stomach. | pyloric/pyloris |
| Layer of the stomach that has outer longitudinal, middle circular, and inner oblique to produce churning action. | Muscularis |
| Large folds that allow stomach to stretch | Rugae |
| Paste-like substance that forms when food begins to be broken down | Chyme |
| Opening between stomach and small intestine | Pyloric opening |
| Thick, ring of smooth muscle around pyloric opening which regulates movement of food into the small intestine; connects stomach (pyloris) to the duodenum | Pyloric sphincter |
| It connects esophagus to the cardiac part of the stomach | Lower esophageal sphincter (gastroesophageal sphincter/junction) |
| The mucosa forms tube-like __________ _____ which are the openings for the gastric glands. | gastric pits |
| The epithelial cells of the stomach can be divided into five groups: | (1) surface mucous cells, (2) mucous neck cells, (3) parietal cells, (4) endocrine cells, and (5) chief cells |
| The cells of the gastric gland which produce mucus. | mucous neck cells |
| The cells of the gastric gland which produce hydrochloric acid and intrinsic factor. | parietal cells |
| The cells of the gastric gland which produce regulatory chemicals. | endocrine cells |
| The cells of the gastric gland which produce pepsinogen, a precursor of the protein-digesting enzyme pepsin. | chief cells |
| Stomach secretions from the gastric glands produces a pH of about 2.0 in the stomach. The acid kills microorganisms and activates the enzyme, pepsin. | Hydrochloric acid |
| _________ is converted from its inactive form, called pepsinogen; breaks covalent bonds of proteins to form smaller peptide chains; exhibits optimum enzymatic activity at a pH of about 2.0. | Pepsin |
| __________ forms a thick layer, which lubricates the epithelial cells of the stomach wall and protects them from the damaging effect of the acidic chyme and pepsin. | Mucus |
| Epithelial Cells in the Stomach that produces mucus that coats and protects the stomach | Surface mucous cells |
| Stomach secretion that binds with vitamin B12 and makes it more readily absorbed in the small intestine. | Intrinsic factor |
| ____________ _____ is important in deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) synthesis and in red blood cell production in which intrinsic factor binds to. | Vitamin B12 |
| THE 5 OFFICIAL GASTROINTESTINAL HORMONES | Gastrin/ Cholecystokinin/ Secretin/ Glucose-dependent Insulinotropic Peptide (GIP)/ Motilin |
| A phase of regulation of stomach secretions where stomach secretions are initiated by sight, smell, taste, or food thought; hydrochloric acid, pepsin, mucus, and intrinsic factor, gastrin andhistamine are released in the stomach | Cephalic phase |
| Food in the stomach, partially digested proteins, and stomach distention increase secretion. Peptides from pepsin on proteins stimulate gastrin secretion, which circulates in the blood and promotes more secretion in the stomach. | Gastric phase |
| Chyme entering the duodenum triggers neuronal reflexes and the release of secretin and cholecystokinin hormones. These hormones, entering the blood, inhibit stomach secretion and movement. | Intestinal phase |
| What is the TRIGGER for the gastrointestinal hormone CHOLECYSTOKININ? | All types of food (main trigger; FATTY ACIDS) |
| What is the TRIGGER for the gastrointestinal hormone GASTRIN? | CHON and AA (especially the amino acids phenylalanine (F), tryptophan (W) and methionine (M), Gastric Distention |
| What is the SOURCE for the gastrointestinal hormone GASTRIN? | G cells of the GASTRIC ANTRUM (not in the cardia-fundus area!) |
| What is the ACTION for the gastrointestinal hormone GASTRIN? | Stimulates Parietal cells in OXYNTIC GLANDS in the BODY AND FUNDUS of stomach for HCl Secretion, growth of gastric mucosa GASTRIN HCL secretion |
| What is the SOURCE for the gastrointestinal hormone CHOLECYSTOKININ? | I cells in the DUODENUM |
| What is the ACTION for the gastrointestinal hormone CHOLECYSTOKININ? | Bile Secretion (GB contraction, SOO relaxation), Increases GET (Decreases GE), Increases pancreatic enzyme secretion |
| What is the TRIGGER for the gastrointestinal hormone SECRETIN? | H+ in the duodenum, FA in duodenum |
| What is the SOURCE for the gastrointestinal hormone SECRETIN? | S cells in the duodenum |
| What is the ACTION for the gastrointestinal hormone SECRETIN? | Inhibits HCI secretion, increases biliary and pancreatic HCO3 - To neutralise acids coming from duodenum *this hormone does NOT affect pancreatic ENZYME secretion! |
| What is the TRIGGER for the gastrointestinal hormone GLUCOSE DEPENDENT-INSULINOTROPIC PEPTIDE? | Oral Glucose (oral and IV glucose) |
| What is the SOURCE for the gastrointestinal hormone GLUCOSE DEPENDENT-INSULINOTROPIC PEPTIDE? | K cells in the duodenum |
| What is the ACTION for the gastrointestinal hormone GLUCOSE DEPENDENT-INSULINOTROPIC PEPTIDE? | Stimulates insulin secretion; inhibits gastric emptying normal physiologic levels) emptying (above normal physiologic levels) |
| What is the TRIGGER for the gastrointestinal hormone MOTILIN? | Fasting |
| What is the SOURCE for the gastrointestinal hormone MOTILIN? | M cells in the duodenum and Jejunum |
| What is the ACTION for the gastrointestinal hormone MOTILIN? | activates interdigestive / migrating myoelectric complex (MMC). Acts only on the stomach and small intestines (has no effect on the large intestines) **removes remnant food in the STOMACH ONLY to assume that you're going to eat again |
| Gastric cells that secrete HYDROCHLORIC ACID and INTRINSIC FACTOR (IF and B12 abs in ileum) | PARIETAL CELLS/ OXYNTIC CELLS (body and fundus) |
| Gastric cells that secrete GASTRIN (stim parietal cell to R HCL) | G CELLS (antrum) |
| Gastric cells that secrete SEROTONIN | ENTEROCHROMAFFIN CELLS OR KULCHITSKY CELLS |
| Gastric cells that secrete HISTAMINE | ENTEROCHROMAFFIN-LIKE (ECL) CELLS |
| Gastric cells that secrete/contain PEPSINOGEN | CHIEF/PEPTIC/ZYMOGENIC CELLS |
| Movement in the stomach that has a weak contraction and thoroughly mix food to form chyme | Mixing waves |
| Movement in the stomach that has a stronger contraction and force chyme toward and through pyloric sphincter | Peristaltic waves |
| ________________ and __________ mechanisms regulate stomach secretions and movement | Hormonal and neural |
| Stomach empties every ____ hours after regular meal, and __________ hours after high fatty meal | 4; 6-8 |
| It measures 6 meters in length and chyme takes 3 to 5 hours to pass through; contains enzymes to further breakdown food; contains secretions for protection against the acidity of chyme | Small intestine |
| Major absorptive organ of the gastrointestinal tract | Sm |
| Parts of the small intestine | Duodenum, jejunum and ileum |
| First part of the small intestine / 25 cm long / contains absorptive cells, goblet cells, granular cells, endocrine cells / contains microvilli and many folds / contains bile and pancreatic ducts | Duodenum |
| Second part of the small intestine / 2.5 meters long / primary site of nutrient absorption | Jejunum |
| Third part of the small intestine / 3.5 meters long | Ileum |
| Which of the primitive gut is blood supplied by the CELIAC TRUNK? | Foregut |
| Which of the primitive gut is blood supplied by the SUP. MESENTERIC ARTERY? | Midgut |
| Which of the primitive gut is blood supplied by the INF. MESENTERIC ARTERY? | Hindgut |
| Which of the primitive gut has a gut tube proper of Pharynx Esophagus Stomach Proximal duodenum (2nd part)? | Foregut |
| Which of the primitive gut has a gut tube proper of Proximal duodenum to right half (upper 2/3) of transverse colon? | Midgut |
| Which of the primitive gut has a gut tube proper of Left half (lower 1/3) of transverse colon to Upper part of anus? | Hindgut |
| Which of the primitive gut has a derivative of Thyroid Parathyroid glands Tympanic cavity Trachea, bronchi, lungs, liver, gallbladder, pancreas? | Foregut |
| Which of the primitive gut has a derivative of Urinary bladder? | Hindgut |
| Which gut is the PROXIMAL gut of duodenum? | Foregut |
| Which gut is the DISTAL gut of duodenum? | Midgut |
| Which gut is the upper 2/3 (right side) of transverse colon? | Midgut |
| Which gut is the lower 1/3 (left side) of transverse colon? | Hindgut |
| Which gut is the upper part of anal canal? | Hindgut |
| What is the lower part of anal canal? | Proctodeum- ectoderm |
| The mucosa of the small intestine is simple columnar epithelium with four major cell types namely..... | Absorptive cells/ Goblet cells / Granular cells / Endocrine cells |
| Major cell type in the mucosa of small intestine which have microvilli, produce digestive enzymes, and absorb digested food | Absorptive cells |
| Major cell type in the mucosa of small intestine which produce a protective mucus | Goblet cells |
| Major cell type in the mucosa of small intestine which may help protect the intestinal epithelium from bacteria | Granular cells |
| Major cell type in the mucosa of small intestine which produce regulatory hormones. | Endocrine cells |
| The epithelial cells of the mucosa are located within tubular glands of the mucosa, called _________________ ___________ or ________ ____ _____________ , at the base of the villi. | intestinal glands or crypts of Lieberkühn |
| ____________ and ______________ cells are located in the bottom of the glands, at the mucosa of small intestine. | Granular and endocrine |
| The submucosa of the duodenum contains mucous glands, called _______________ ___________, which open into the base of the intestinal glands. | duodenal glands |
| Secretions of _________, _______ , and __________ lubricate and protect the intestinal wall from the acidic chyme and digestive enzymes. | mucus, ions and water |
| The epithelial cells in the small intestine have ____________ bound to their free surfaces. | enzymes |
| ______________ enzymatically breakdown proteins into amino acids for absorption. | Peptidases |
| ___________________ enzymatically breakdown disaccharides into monosaccharides for absorption. | Disaccharidases |
| Synonym of MEISSNER PLEXUS | Submucosal Plexus |
| Synonym of AUERBACH PLEXUS | Myenteric Plexus |
| It is located between submucosa and inner circular muscle layer. | MEISSNER PLEXUS |
| It is located between between inner circular and outer longitudinal muscle layer. | AUERBACH PLEXUS |
| Muscles innervated in this are Muscularis Mucosa | MEISSNER PLEXUS |
| Muscles innervated in this are inner circular and outer longitudinal muscles | AUERBACH PLEXUS |
| Action of MEISSNER PLEXUS | secretion |
| Action of AUERBACH PLEXUS | motility |
| ___________ and ____________ of chyme are the primary mechanical events that occur in the small intestine. | Mixing and propulsion |
| ______________ contractions along the length of the intestine cause the chyme to move along the small intestine. | Peristaltic |
| _______________ contractions are propagated for only short distances and mix intestinal contents. | Segmental |
| The_______________ ______________ at the juncture of the ileum and the large intestine remains mildly contracted most of the time. | ileocecal sphincter |
| Peristaltic contractions reaching the ileocecal sphincter from the small intestine cause the sphincter to relax and allow chyme to move from the ____________________ into the _________. | small intestine; cecum |
| The ______________ _________ prevents movement from the large intestine back into the ileum. | ileocecal valve |
| This organ weighs about 3 lbs.; located in the right upper quadrant of the abdomen under the diaphragm; onsists of right, left, caudate, and quadrate lobes | Liver |
| In the liver, gate where blood vessels, ducts, nerves enter and exit; receives blood from the hepatic artery and hepatic portal vein | Porta |
| Divisions of liver with portal triads at corners | Lobules |
| Contain branches of hepatic artery, hepatic portal vein, hepatic duct in the liver | Portal triad |
| In the liver, between center margins of each lobule; separated by hepatic sinusoids | Hepatic cords |
| Found in the liver that contain phagocytic cells that remove foreign particles from blood | Hepatic sinusoids |
| It is in the center of each lobule where mixed blood flows to form hepatic veins | Central vein |
| A liver duct that transports bile out of liver | Hepatic duct |
| A liver duct that is formed from left and right hepatic duct | Common hepatic duct |
| A liver duct that joins common hepatic duct and drains gallbladder | Cystic duct |
| A liver duct that formed from common hepatic duct and cystic duct | Common bile duct |
| Functions of the Liver | Digestive and excretory functions Stores and processes nutrients Detoxifies harmful chemicals Synthesizes new molecules Secretes 700 milliliters of bile each day |
| Secretion of liver that dilutes and neutralizes stomach acid and breaks down fats | Bile |
| Located posterior to stomach in inferior part of left upper quadrant / head near midline of body / tail extends to left and touches spleen | Pancreas |
| Endocrine tissues of pancreas have pancreatic islets that produce ___________ and ____________ | insulin and glucagon |
| Exocrine tissues of pancreas produce ______________ ____________ that travel through ducts to duodenum | digestive enzymes |
| The major protein-digesting enzymes of pancreatic secretions are.... | 1. Trypsin 2. Chymotrypsin 3. Carboxypeptidase |
| _________________ ____________ continues the polysaccharide digestion that began in the oral cavity. | Pancreatic amylase |
| The pancreatic enzyme __________ is a lipid-digesting enzyme. | lipase |
| The pancreatic ____________ enzymes degrade DNA and RNA to their component nucleotides. | nuclease |
| Organ that functions to absorb water from indigestible food and createcompact feces; contains cecum, colon, rectum, anal canal | Large intestine |
| A part of the large intestine that joins small intestine at ileocecal junction and has appendix attached | Cecum |
| 9 cm structure that is often removed and is believed to play a role in lymphatic system | Appendix |
| Part of the large intestine that is 1.5 meters long; contains ascending, transverse, descending, sigmoid regions | Colon |
| Part of the large intestine that is a straight tube that begins at sigmoid colon and ends at anal canal | Rectum |
| Last 2 to 3 cm of digestive tract | Anal canal |
| Food takes _________ hours to pass through large intestine | 18-24 |
| __________ are product of water, indigestible food, and microbes (microbes synthesize vitamin K) | Feces |
| ________ ______________ is due to absorption of water and salts, secretion of mucus, and action of microorganisms. | Feces formation |
| The colon stores the feces until _____________. | defecation |
| Every 8 to 12 hours strong contractions, called _______ _______________ propel the colon contents toward the anus. | mass movements |
| Movement of feces into the rectum distends the rectal wall and stimulates the _______________ _____________. | defecation reflex |
| Chemical and mechanical breakdown of food | Digestion |
| Most ______________ occurs in the duodenum and jejunum, although some occurs in the stomach and ileum | absorption |
| Digestive process that moves food through digestive tract, includes swallowing and peristalsis | Transport |
| It involves breaking down polysaccharides into disaccharides by salivary and pancreatic amylases, then into monosaccharides by disaccharidases. Glucose is absorbed with Na+ and transported to the liver via the hepatic portal vein, entering most cells by | Carbohydrate digestion |
| (LIPID DIGESTION) Lipase breaks down triglycerides into ________ _______ and _______________. | fatty acids and monoglycerides |
| (LIPID DIGESTION) Bile salts surround fatty acids and monoglycerides to form ___________. | micelles |
| (LIPID DIGESTION) ___________ attach to the plasma membranes of intestinal epithelial cells, and the ________ _______and _________________ pass by simple diffusion into the intestinal epithelial cells. | Micelles; fatty acids and monoglycerides |
| (LIPID DIGESTION) Within the intestinal epithelial cell, the fatty acids and monoglycerides are converted to ________________. | triglycerides |
| (LIPID DIGESTION) Proteins coat the triglycerides to form ______________, which move out of the intestinal epithelial cells by exocytosis. | chylomicrons |
| (LIPID DIGESTION) The chylomicrons enter the ___________ of the intestinal villi and are carried through the lymphatic system to the blood. | lacteals |
| _______________ package lipids for transport in lymph and blood. They are part water-soluble and part lipid-soluble, facilitating lipid transport in water-based environments. | Lipoproteins |
| Lipoproteins include _______________, _______ and ________. | chylomicrons, low-density lipoproteins (LDL), and high-density lipoproteins (HDL). |
| A key step in lipid digestion is __________________, by which bile salts transform large lipid droplets into much smaller lipid droplet | emulsification |
| Phospholipid (4%) Triglyceride (90%) Cholesterol (5%) Protein (1%) | Chylomicron |
| Phospholipid (20%) Protein (25%) Cholesterol (45%) Triglyceride (10%) | Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) |
| Phospholipid (30%) Protein (45%) Cholesterol (20%) Triglyceride (5%) | High-density lipoprotein (HDL) |
| __________ is a protein-digesting enzyme secreted by the stomach. | Pepsin |
| The pancreas secretes the protein digesting enzymes ___________, _____________ and __________________ into the small intestine in an inactive state. In the small intestines these enzymes are activated. | trypsin, chymotrypsin, and carboxypeptidase |
| ______________ in the small intestine break down small peptides into tripeptides. Tripeptides, dipeptides, or amino acids are absorbed through intestinal epithelial cells via various cotransport mechanisms. | Peptidases |
| _________ moves across the intestinal wall based on osmotic pressures, with 99% absorption. ____________ are actively transported across the small intestine wall. | Water; Minerals |
| After ingesting 2 liters of fluid, various glands secrete additional fluids (salivary 1L, gastric 2L, pancreatic 1.2L, bile 0.7L, small intestine 2L). About 92% is absorbed in the small intestine and 6-7% in the large intestine, leaving 1% in feces. | TRUE |
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yulyae