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Describe the distinction between fat-soluble and water-soluble vitamins
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nutrition unit 8
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Describe the distinction between fat-soluble and water-soluble vitamins | Fat-soluble vitamins can be stored in the body's fatty tissues, while water-soluble vitamins are not stored and are excreted in urine. |
| Do antioxidants protect the body against free radical damage? | Yes, antioxidants can help neutralize free radicals and reduce oxidative stress in the body. |
| Define coenzymes and explain their role in B vitamins. | Coenzymes are organic molecules that assist enzymes in catalyzing reactions. Most B vitamins function as coenzymes. |
| How can you conserve the vitamin content of fruits and vegetables during food preparation and storage? | To conserve vitamin content, minimize exposure to light, heat, and air; store in a cool, dark place; and consider steaming or microwaving instead of boiling. |
| Identify lifestyle practices associated with increased risk of certain cancers. | Smoking, excessive alcohol consumption, poor diet, lack of physical activity, and exposure to environmental toxins are lifestyle practices linked to higher cancer risk. |
| Explain why it may not be useful to take dietary supplements for cancer prevention. | Dietary supplements may not provide the same benefits as nutrients obtained from whole foods and can sometimes even have harmful effects, especially in high doses. |
| Describe the major functions of fat-soluble vitamins in the body. | Fat-soluble vitamins play roles in vision, immune function, blood clotting, and calcium absorption. |
| List major functions and food sources for each water-soluble vitamin. | Examples include vitamin C for collagen synthesis and citrus fruits as a source, and B vitamins for energy metabolism found in whole grains and leafy greens. |
| Identify foods that may increase your risk of cancer. | Processed meats, charred meats, sugary beverages, and foods high in saturated fats are examples of foods that may elevate cancer risk. |
| Describe the classification of vitamins based on solubility. | Vitamins are classified as fat-soluble (A, D, E, K) and water-soluble (C and B vitamins). |
| How do vitamin deficiencies occur in the body? | Vitamin deficiencies happen when the diet consistently lacks a specific vitamin, leading to depleted body tissue levels and deficiency disease symptoms. |
| Define vitamin toxicity and how it can occur. | Vitamin toxicity is the result of excessive vitamin intake, often from megadoses of supplements or consuming large amounts of fortified foods regularly. |
| What are some tips for retaining the vitamin content of foods? | Tips include purchasing fresh produce in season, eating fruits and vegetables when fresh, cooking vegetables lightly, avoiding overcooking, not adding fat during cooking, and storing canned food properly. |
| Describe the general roles of vitamins in the body. | Vitamins play various roles such as supporting bone health, energy metabolism, and blood clotting, among other functions. |
| How are vitamins digested and absorbed in the body? | Vitamins do not undergo digestion but are absorbed in the small intestine, with bile enhancing the absorption of fat-soluble vitamins. Large doses may be necessary for individuals with absorption issues. |
| Describe the role of antioxidants in protecting cells. | Antioxidants protect cells by giving up electrons to free radicals, preventing damage to molecules. |
| Define carotenoids and their role in the body. | Carotenoids are yellow-orange pigments found in plants that can be converted into retinol. They may function as beneficial antioxidants. |
| How does vitamin A deficiency impact the body? | A deficiency of vitamin A can affect mucus-secreting epithelial cells, cause night blindness, dry eye, and other visual disturbances. |
| Do fat-soluble vitamins include retinol? | Yes, fat-soluble vitamins like vitamin A include retinol, which is found in animal foods. |
| Describe the sources of fat-soluble vitamins according to MyPlate food groups. | Oils, fruits, vegetables, dairy, grains, and proteins are good sources of fat-soluble vitamins. |
| What are the symptoms of vitamin A toxicity? | Symptoms of vitamin A toxicity may include headache, nausea, vomiting, visual disturbances, and hair loss. |
| Describe the role of vitamin D in bone health and preventing rickets. | Vitamin D stimulates bone cells to form calcium phosphate, essential for proper bone health and to prevent rickets. |
| What is the main function of vitamin E in the body? | Vitamin E, specifically alpha-tocopherol, acts as an antioxidant protecting cell membranes from damage by free radicals. |
| How can your body naturally produce vitamin D? | Your body can make vitamin D when your skin is exposed to ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the sun. |
| Define osteomalacia and its relation to vitamin D deficiency. | Osteomalacia is the adult form of rickets, where bones become soft and break easily due to insufficient calcium, often caused by vitamin D deficiency. |
| Do diets rich in beta-carotene and other carotenoids impact eye health? | Yes, diets rich in these antioxidants may lower the risk of age-related macular degeneration (AMD), a leading cause of blindness in the U.S. |
| Describe the potential consequences of excess vitamin D intake. | Excessive vitamin D can lead to toxicity, causing the intestines to absorb too much calcium and potentially resulting in kidney stones. |
| Describe the role of vitamin E in the body. | Vitamin E is essential for protecting cell membranes and acts as an antioxidant. |
| What is the function of hemoglobin in red blood cells? | hemoglobin transports oxygen in red blood cells. |
| Define the term hemolysis in the context of damaged RBC membranes. | Hemolysis refers to the breaking apart and death of red blood cells. |
| How does vitamin K affect blood clotting? | Vitamin K is crucial for the production of blood clotting factors. |
| Do vitamin E supplements reduce the risk of cardiovascular diseases or mild cognitive impairment? | No, vitamin E supplements are not likely to reduce the risk of cardiovascular diseases or mild cognitive impairment. |
| Describe the importance of vitamin K in the body. | Vitamin K is necessary for proper blood clotting and the production of clotting factors. |
| How do coenzymes function in the body? | Coenzymes are small molecules that help enzymes function by binding to them and activating them. |
| Define beriberi, a deficiency disease related to a specific vitamin. | Beriberi is a thiamin deficiency disease that affects the nervous system and heart. |
| What are some food sources of the 'power player' B vitamins? | Food sources of 'power player' B vitamins include milk, yogurt, and other dairy products. |
| Describe the role of Vitamin B-6 in amino acid metabolism. | Vitamin B-6, along with a coenzyme, assists the body in amino acid metabolism to make nonessential amino acids, glucose from certain amino acids, heme, proteins for nerve transmission, and convert homocysteine to a nonessential amino acid. |
| What are some food sources rich in Vitamin B-6? | Liver, meat, fish, poultry, potatoes, bananas, spinach, and broccoli are food sources rich in Vitamin B-6. |
| Define the relationship between Folate and Vitamin B-12. | Folate and Vitamin B-12 work together to make the amino acid methionine from the toxic amino acid homocysteine. |
| How does the body absorb Vitamin B-12 from food? | Vitamin B-12 is bound to a protein in animal food, broken down in the small intestine by HCI, picked up by intrinsic factor, transported to the small intestine for absorption, and excess is stored in the liver |
| Describe the consequences of folate deficiency in pregnant women. | Pregnant women deficient in folate have a high risk of giving birth to infants with neural tube defects, such as spina bifida. |
| What is the function of Vitamin B-12 in the body? | Vitamin B-12 is essential for maintaining myelin that wraps around nerves. |
| Explain the process of DNA production involving Folate and Vitamin B-12. | Folate and Vitamin B-12 are needed to make coenzymes involved in DNA production, especially during periods of rapid growth like pregnancy, infancy, and childhood. |
| Describe the characteristics of megaloblastic anemia | Megaloblastic anemia is characterized by large, immature red blood cells that still have nuclei and do not carry normal amounts of oxygen. |
| Describe common signs of vitamin B-12 deficiency. | Muscle weakness, sore mouth, smooth and shiny tongue, memory loss, confusion, numbness, tingling sensations. |
| pernicious anemia | A form of anemia characterized by megaloblastic red blood cells and nerve damage. |
| How does deficiency in older adults affect vitamin B-12 absorption? | It results in the decline of hydrochloric acid levels in the stomach, affecting the release of vitamin B-12 from protein in food. |
| Do deficiencies of Panthothenic Acid, Biotin, and Choline commonly occur? | No, deficiencies of these micronutrients are uncommon. |
| Describe the role of bacteria in biotin production. | Bacteria in the large intestine produce biotin, which can be absorbed by the intestine. |
| What are some functions of vitamin C in the body? | Maintain the immune system, produce bile, transmit nerve messages, produce hormones like cortisol, and act as an antioxidant |
| scurvy | A vitamin C deficiency resulting in poorly formed and maintained collagen, leading to symptoms like swollen gums, loose teeth, easy bruising, and reopening of old scars. |
| How does vitamin C act as an antioxidant? | By donating electrons to stabilize free radicals. |
| Describe the stability of vitamin C. | Vitamin C is very unstable in the presence of heat, oxygen, light, alkaline conditions, iron, and copper. |
| What are the consequences of exceeding the UL of vitamin C? | Toxicity, with the UL set at 2000 mg/day. |
| Describe how malignant cancer cells behave differently from normal cells. | Malignant cancer cells divide repeatedly and frequently without dying, forming masses of cells known as malignant tumors. |
| Define some risk factors for cancer mentioned in the content. | Some risk factors for cancer include age (over 65 years), family history of cancer, tobacco use, exposure to certain forms of radiation, diet, alcohol use, physical inactivity, and excess body fat. |
| How does obesity contribute to cancer development according to the content? | Obesity is a risk factor for various cancers such as breast cancer, colon and rectum cancer, kidney cancer, pancreas cancer, thyroid cancer, and gallbladder cancer. |
| Do you know which cancers alcohol consumption can put you at risk for based on the content? | Alcohol consumption can increase the risk of cancers in the mouth, throat, esophagus, voice box, liver, colon, rectum, and breast |
| Describe ways to reduce the risk of cancer according to the content. | To reduce the risk of cancer, one can avoid tobacco smoke, maintain a healthy weight, adopt a physically active lifestyle, eat a healthy diet, and consume a wide variety of vitamins in their natural state |
| vitamin | organic micronutrient that can have a variety of functions in the body |
| vitamin precursors | substances in food or the body that cells can convert into active vitamins |
| fat-soluble vitamins (4) | vitamins A, D, E, and K |
| water-soluble vitamins (9) | thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, vitamin B-6, pantothenic acid, folate, biotin, vitamin B-12, and vitamin C |
| retinol (preformed vitamin a) | form of vitamin A that’s in animal sources of food |
| carotenoids | yellow, orange, and red pigments in fruits and vegetables |
| beta-carotene | carotenoid that the body can convert to vitamin A |
| provitamin a | carotenoids that the body converts to vitamin A |
| epithelial cells | cells that form protective linings of the body |
| cornea | clear covering over the front of eyeball |
| teratogen | excess vitamin a agent that causes birth defects |
| cartenodermia | yellowish-orange dicoloration of the skin that results from excess beta-carotene in the body |
| rickets | vitamin D deficiency disorder in children |
| osteomalacia | adult rickets; condition characterized by poorly mineralized (soft) bones |
| beriberi | thiamin deficiency disease |
| ariboflavinosis | riboflavin deficiency disease |
| pellagra | niacin deficiency disease |
| heme | iron-containing portion of hemoglobin |
| homocysteine | a toxic amino acid |
| food folate and folic acid | forms of folate |
| megaloblastic amenia | condition characterized by fewer and abnormal red blood cells |
| neural tube | embryonic structure that eventually develops into the brain and spinal cord |
| spina bfidia | type of neural tube defect in which the spine doesn’t form properly before birth and it fails to enclose the spinal cord |
| pernicious amenia | condition caused by the lack of intrinsic factor |
| vitamin c | ascorbic acid |
| collagen | fibrous protein that gives strength to connective tissue |
| scurvy | vitamin c deficiency disease |
| carcinogen | agent that causes cancer |
| cancer | group of diseases characterized by abnormal cell behavior |
| vitamin toxicities generally occur as a result of | taking megadoses of dietary supplements |
| vitamins don't provide what? | calories |
| people who can't absorb fat are likely to develop what? | vitamin d deficiency |
| enriched grain products have specific amounts of what added during processing? | riboflavin |
| what food is not a rich source of provitamin a? | fish |
| during pregnancy, excess what intake is known to be teratogenic | vitamin a |
| vitamin k can be produced by | intestinal bacteria |
| to reduce likelihood of giving birth to babies with neural tube defects, women of childbearing age should obtain adequate what? | folate |
| major food sources of vitamin b-12 include what? | meat and dairy |
| true/false: vitamin b-12 deficiency is common among older adults | true |
| what food is a rich source of vitamin c? | guava |
| what following practice may help reduce the risk of cancer? | eating fruits and vegetables |
| classification of alcohol | depressant drug |
| what is the main component of watery fluids in the body? | blood |
| which mineral may have physiological roles? | iodide |
| Major Mineral | Mineral requiring 100 mg or more daily |
| trace mineral | Mineral requiring less than 100 mg daily |
| bioavailability | body's ability to absorb and use nutrients |
| cofactor | ion or small, nonprotein molecule that helps an enzyme function by speeding up chemical reactions |
| electrolytes | minerals that have electrical charges when dissolved in water; ions |
| Excretion of Minerals | Process of eliminating excess minerals in urine or feces |
| osteoporosis | chronic disease characterized by bones with low mass and reduced structure; bone loss |
| fluorosis | Condition from excessive fluoride causing joint stiffness |
| Calcium Absorption | Intestinal absorption of calcium from foods or supplements |
| what does potassium deficiency cause? | muscular weakness and abnormal heartbeat |
| Sodium Intake Assessment | Evaluation of sodium consumption habits |
| Hypertension Risk Factors | Factors like family history and obesity contributing to high blood pressure |
| Iron Function | Component of hemoglobin and myoglobin |
| Heme Iron | Iron type well absorbed by the body, found in meats |
| nonheme iron | Iron type poorly absorbed by the body, found in plant foods |
| vitamin c | Nutrient enhancing body's absorption of nonheme iron |
| Iron Deficiency Anemia | Condition with low hemoglobin causing fatigue, pale skin |
| magnesium | Mineral vital for energy metabolism, enzyme activity, and bone health |
| selenium | Mineral used to produce antioxidants, found in organ meats |
| copper | Trace mineral for enzyme production, immune function, and collagen |
| iodine | Mineral crucial for thyroid hormone production and metabolism |
| zinc | Essential mineral for growth, development, and various bodily functions |
| chromium | Trace mineral aiding carbohydrate and lipid metabolism |
| water | Critical nutrient, major solvent, component of bodily fluids |
| intracellular water | Fluid inside cells, crucial for cell function and hydration |
| extracellular water | fluid outside cells, maintains balance and hydration |
| total water intake | Sum of water from all sources, crucial for bodily functions |
| adequate intake (AI) | Recommended daily water intake for optimal health |
| metabolic water | Water produced during metabolic processes in the body |
| water AI | Approximately 11 cups for young women and 15.5 cups for young men |
| kidneys | Major regulator of body's water content and ion concentrations |
| urine production | Primarily determined by total water intake |
| dehydration | Occurs when body's water content is too low; can be life-threatening |
| diuretic | Substance that stimulates kidneys to form urine; increases urine production |
| water intoxication | Excessive water consumption leading to symptoms like dizziness and confusion. water is consumed in a short time period or the kidneys have difficulty filtering water from blood |
| hydration | water status that can be determined by noting urine volume and color |
| minerals | elements in the Earth’s rocks, soils, and natural water sources |
| list of major minerals (7) | calcium, chloride, magnesium, phosphorus, potassium, sodium, sulfur |
| list of trace minerals (9) | chromium, copper, fluoride, zinc, iodine, iron, manganese, moybdenum, selenium |
| parathyroid hormone (PTH) | hormone secreted by parathyroid glands when blood calcium levels are too low |
| calcitonin | hormone secreted by the thyroid gland when blood calcium levels are too high |
| hypertension | abnormally high blood pressure levels that persist |
| systolic pressure | maximum blood pressure within an artery that occurs when the heart contracts |
| diastolic pressure | pressure in an artery that occurs when the heart relaxes between contractions |
| hemoglobin | iron-containing protein in red blood cells that transports oxygen to tissues |
| myoglobin | iron-containing protein in muscle cells that controls oxygen uptake from red blood cells |
| iron deficiency anemia | condition characterized by red blood cells that don’t contain enough hemoglobin |
| thyroid hormone | hormone that regulates the body’s metabolic rate |
| goiter | enlargement of thyroid gland |
| solvent | substance in which other substances dissolve |
| alcohol (ethanol) | a mind-altering depressant drug that’s often classified as a food |
| blood alcohol percentage (BAC) | estimated percentage of alcohol in blood |
| tolerance | state that occurs when the liver adjusts to the usual amount of alcohol that’s been consumed and metabolizes it more quickly |
| alcohol abuser | person who experiences problems at home, work, and school that are associated with his or her drinking habits |
| alcoholic | person who is dependent on alcohol and experiences withdrawal signs and symptoms when he or she hasn’t consumed the drug |
| cirrhosis | hardening of tissues, such as the liver |
| hepatitis | inflammation of the liver |
| fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD) | condition characterized by abnormal physical and intellectual development that affects newborns of women who consumed alcohol during pregnancy |
| true/false: women generally have more body water than men | false |
| if the extracellular fluid has an excess of sodium ions, what happens? | intracellular fluid moves outside of cells |
| what food has low percentage of water? | vegetable oil |
| what is table salt often fortified with? | iodine |
| what food isn't a good source of calcium? | butter |
| what is a risk factor of osteoporosis? | race/ethnic background |
| what is a primary source of sodium in american diets? | processed foods |
| bioavailable sources of heme iron include what? | beef |
| which of the following populations have the highest risk of hypertension? | people of african-american ancestry |
| the most common cause of amenia is what deficiency? | iron deficiency |
| cretinism is caused by a deficiency of what during pregnancy? | iodine |
| true/false: safety standards of water are similar to those of tap water | true |
| many americans have low intakes of what? | potassium |
Created by:
rachelrobinson