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Anatomy-Respiratory
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| The [...] portion of the respiratory system transports air an includes the nose, nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi and bronchioles | conducting |
| The upper RT is composed of what structures? | nose, nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, pharynx (throat) and associated structures (all conducting) |
| Breathing consists of two cyclic phases: | inhalation or inspiration and exhalation or expiration. |
| 5 fx of the respiratory system: | Gas exchange, Gas conditioning, sound production, olfaction, defense |
| What structure forces directional flow? | uvula |
| [...] are ridges and [...] are the valleys | conchae are ridges and meatus are the valleys |
| The [...] functions as the crossing guard | epiglottis |
| The four paranasal sinuses are: | Frontal, Ethmoidal, sphenoidal, maxillary |
| Fx of the paranasal sinuses: | * decrease skull weight * communicate with nasal cavity by ducts |
| The tissue covering the paranasal sinuses are: | pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium (same as nasal cavity) |
| What bone divides the nose into two nasal cavities? | Vomer |
| The common space used by both the respiratory and digestive systems: | pharynx |
| Describe the shape of the pharynx: | Funnel-shaped: wider superiorly |
| Anatomically, the pharynx originates [...] and extends [...] | The pharynx originates posterior to the nasal and oral cavities and extends inferiorly near the level of the bifurcation of the larynx and esophagus |
| The pharynx walls are lined by a [...] and contain [...] muscles that are primarily used for swallowing | mucosa and skeletal muscles |
| The pharynx forces swallowed food into the esophagus using [...] | flexible lateral walls |
| The pharynx is partitioned into three adjoining regions: | nasopharynx (superiormost) oropharynx (middle region) laryngopharynx (inferior, narrowed region) |
| The region of the pharynx located directly posterior to the nasal cavity and superior to the soft palate, separating it from the posterior part of the oral cavity: | nasopharynx |
| What passes through the nasopharynx? | Only air |
| what is the function of the soft palate? | It elevates when we swallow to block material from the oral cavity and oropharynx from entering the asopharynx |
| The nasopharynx is connected to the middle ear by [...] | paired auditory tubes |
| The oropharynx is located: | immediately posterior to the oral cavity |
| The oropharynx is superiorly bound by [...] and inferiorly by the [...] | the edge of the soft palate and inferiorly by the hyoid bone |
| What passes through the oropharynx? | Air and food |
| The two pairs of muscular arches forming the entrance of the oral cavity are: | the anterior palatoglossal arches and the posterior palatopharyngeal arches |
| [...] in the oropharynx provide the "first line of defense" against ingested or inhaled foreign materials. | Lymphatic organs |
| [...] are on the lateral wall between the arches, and the [...] are at the base of the tongue | Palatine tonsils and lingual tonsils |
| The laryngopharynx extends inferiorly from [...] and is continuous with the larynx and [...] | the hyoid bone and is continuous with the larynx and esophagus |
| The only bone that has no ligamentous connections: | hyoid |
| The lower respiratory tract is composed of: | * conducting airways (larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles and associated structures) * the respiratory portion of the RS (respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts and alveoli) |
| The Larynx is a somewhat cylindrical airway bounded posteriorly by the [...] and inferiorly by [...] | laryngopharynx and inferiorly by the trachea |
| 3 Fx of the larynx | * prevent swallowed material from entering the lower RS * conduct air into the lower RS * Produce sounds |
| What supports the larynx? | A framework of 9 pieces of cartilage that are held in place by ligaments and muscles |
| The adam's apple is known as: | the thyroid protrusion |
| What are the vocal folds? | Inferior vocal ligaments covered by a mucus membrane: "true vocal chords" |
| Superior vestibular ligaments along with the mucosa covering them are called the [...] | vestibular folds: "false vocal chords"--only protect |
| In the larynx, what do the vestubular folds attach to? | Corniculate cartilages |
| What determines the quality of sound? | The tension, length and position of the vocal chords |
| The flexible, slightly rigid tubular organ referred to as the "windpipe": | trachea |
| The trachea extends through the [...] and lies immediately anterior to the [...], inferior to the [...] and superior to the [...] of the lungs | extends through the mediastinum, lies immediately anterior to the esophagus, inferior to the larynx, and superior to the primarhy bronchi of the lungs |
| The anterior and lateral walls of the trachea are supported by: | 15-20 c-shaped tracheal cartilages |
| The function of tracheal cartilages: | Reinforce and provide rigidity to the tracheal wall to ensure that it remains open (patent) at all times |
| Cartilage rings are connected by elastic sheets called: | anular ligaments |
| Where does the trachea bifurcate? | at the level of the sternal angle |
| The internal ridge formed at the separation of the primary bronchi is called: | the carina |
| The highly branched system of air-conducting passages originating from the left and right primary bronchi: | bronchial tree |
| The bronchial tree terminates at: | terminal bronchioles |
| What ensures that primary bronchi stay open? | incomplete rings of hyaline cartilage |
| What is different about the right primary bronchus? | It is shorter, wider and more vertically oriented than the left. |
| Foreign particles are more likely to lodge in the [...] primary bronchus | right |
| After entering the lung, each primary bronchus branches into several secondary bronchi or [...] | lobar bronchi |
| How many secondary bronchi in each lung? | Left: 2 secondary bronchi for 2 lobes Right: 3 secondary bronchi for 3 lobes |
| Secondary bronchi further divide into [...] | Secondary bronchi further divide into tertiary bronchi aka segmental bronchi |
| How many tertiary bronchi supply each lung? | Right: 10 Left: 8-10 |
| Segmental or tertiary bronchi supply a part of the lung called a [...] | Segmental or tertiary bronchi supply a part of the lung called a bronchopulmonary segment |
| Where does gas exchange take place? | The distal ends of the terminal bronchiola |
| Emphysema breaks down the walls of the [...] | Emphysema breaks down the walls of the alveolar sacs |
| What are alveoli? | * small saccular outpocketings where gas exchange takes place. * they are responsible for the spongy nature of lungs |
| The last stage of defense in the RS: | alveolar macrophages |
| The respiratory membrane consists of: | * alveolar endothelium * fused basement membranes of the alveolar epithelium and the capillary endothelium * capillary endothelium |
| what passes through the hilum? | Pulmonary, lymphatic and vascular veins |
| What is the visceral pleura? | The serous membrane which lines the outer surface of each lung. Formed from simple squamous epithelium. |
| What lines the internal thoracic wall, lateral surfaces of the mediastinum, and the superior surface of the diaphragm? | Parietal pleura |
| Where does the pleural cavity lie? | Between the visceral and parietal pleura. |
| [...] is produced by the plural membrane, circulates in the plural cavity and acts as a lubricant in respiration. | Serous fluid |
| These muscles help increase thoracic cavity dimensions by elevatin the first and 2nd ribs during forced inhalation? | Scalenes |
| During forced exhalation, contraction of these muscles depresses the ribs: | Internal intercostals |
| What muscle extends across the inner surface of the thoracic cage, attaches to ribs 2-6, and helps depress the ribs? | A transversus thoracis (an erector spinae muscle) |
| Boyle's Law states: | "The pressure of a gas decreases if the volume of the container increases, and vice versa." |
| When the volume of the thoracic cavity increases during inhalation, the intrapulmonary pressure decreases and [...] | air flows into the lungs |
| When the volume of the thoracic cavity decreases during exhalation, the intrapulmonary pressure increases and [...] | forces air out of the lungs |
| These respiratory structures are innervated by the autonomic nervous system: | trachea, bronchial tree and lungs |
| Involuntary, rhythmic activities involved in gas exchange are regulated here: | brain stem |
| Aging causes these changes: | * decrease in elastic CT in lungs and thoracic cavity wall * loss of elasticity reduces capacity for gas exchange * emphysema may cause loss of alveoli * carbon, dust and pollution accumulate in our lymph nodes and lungs |
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