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| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Mathematics was born in | egypt |
| were the first to apply it to Astronomy. | The Babylonians |
| were the first to develop a systematic Science. | The pre-Socratic philosophers in Ancient Greece |
| In the 7th Century he was dubbed “The Father of Science.” | Thales of Melitus (624-546 BC) |
| He was the first to posit non-supernatural explanations for earthquakes, lightnings, etc | Thales of Melitus (624-546 BC) |
| He predicted solar eclipses, droughts and made a fortune doing so | Thales of Melitus (624-546 BC) |
| Believed that life came from water and mud. | Anaximander (610-546 BC) |
| He proposed that humans evolved from lower life forms. (This speculation was later vindicated by Charles Darwin, 2400 years later.) | Anaximander (610-546 BC) |
| discovered air using a straw and a glass of water. | Empedocles (490-430 BC) |
| “Empedocles discovered the invisible.” | - Carl Sagan |
| first to theorize that matter is made up of “atoms.” (literally means ‘uncutable’ in Greek) | Democritus (460-370 BC) |
| accurately measured the size / circumference of the earth using 2 sticks. | Eratosthenes (276-194 BC) |
| He created the first map of the world. | Eratosthenes (276-194 BC) |
| Started a school dedicated to Mathematics and its application to nature. | Pythagoras (570-495 BC) |
| Nature loves to hide.” Started major debates on: What justifies reason, knowledge or experience? Is nature fundamentally permanent or damaging | Heraclitus & Parmenides |
| consisted of 5 basic elements Earth, Air, Fire, Water, Aether | Chemistry |
| developed the first scientific approach to anatomy and medicine. | Hippocrates & Galen |
| developed the first scientific approach to anatomy and medicine. | Hippocrates & Galen |
| When the Empire fell and the Dark Ages ensued, Science in the West ceased to progress. | Middle Ages (5th - 14th CE) |
| While there were some European scientist in the middle ages, they were generally isolated and marginalized. | Middle Ages (5th - 14th CE) |
| pioneered the techniques that lead to the modern hospital. | Avicenna (circa 1000 CE) |
| Most scientific advancements from 500-1300 CE were made in | the Islamic world. |
| Thinkers turning away from the Church and going back to antiquity for inspiration. Thus there was a renaissance — a rebirth (in Greek humanism) The universe is once again a rational, comprehensible place. | The Renaissance ( AD 1400-1700) |
| endorsed “Natural Theology” — knowing God by studying His creation. | St. Thomas Aquinas |
| This lead to a social revolution - people started to think! Free discussion was demanded, weakening the Church’s sovereignty. | The Renaissance ( AD 1400-1700) |
| The Scholastic world-view deferred to Aristotle as the authority on Science. All motion and change are explained in terms of a thing’s “telos” or purpose. | The Scientific Method |
| “Being a genius is like being able to run fast. You travel far, but unless you have a map, you’ll be lost.” He provided a “map” - the first Scientific Method. | Francis Bacon |
| Empirical observation and experimentation. Rational analysis, mathematical modeling and deductive reasoning. | Francis Bacon |
| There is a shift back to the idea that human reason, not faith, has the power to discover ultimate truth. The best minds flocked to Astronomy. | The Scientific Revolution |
| proposed the heliocentric (sun-centered) view of the universe. | Nicholaus Copernicus |
| ” challenged the Ptolomeic/geocentric view that dominated for 1400 years (and was a church doctrine.) | The Copernican Revolution |
| We have to rethink our place in the universe. If we’re not the center, does that mean we’re not special? | The Copernican Revolution |
| Copernicus System could explain things that the Ptolomeic system could not. Ex. the “retrograde motion” of the planets. | Copernicanism |
| wrote the (posthumous) intro to Copernicus’ book, claiming his system was “just a predictive tool” and not a “true description of nature.” | Andreas Osiander |
| , the first person to speculate life on other planets | Giordano Bruno, |
| improved the telescope and published his findings in support of Copernicus. Then it became undeniable and the revolution took off. | Galileo Galilei (Feb 15, 1564 - Jan 8, 1642) |
| The Golden Age for “natural philosophers.” (i.e. scientists) They turned away from the Aristotelian model of trying to find the ‘purpose’ of motion | The Age of Enlightenment |
| Scientists started looking for laws and mechanisms in nature. | The Age of Enlightenment |
| epitomized the Age of Enlightenment. His book Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy (considered to be one of the most important books ever written) changed everything. | Isaac Newton (1643-1727) |
| invented Calculus. | Isaac Newton (1643-1727) |
| Isaac Newton’s greatest accomplishment according to Newton himself… | Lifelong celibacy |
| was the first truly UNIVERSAL scientific law — applicable anywhere, no exceptions. Not applicable to quantum level, breaks down on singularities and really massive objects, etc. | The Universal Law of Gravitation |
| Newton thought the whole universe was one big machine, a deterministic system of causes and their necessary effects. This position is known as | “Mechanism.” |
| Newton practiced alchemy — transforming one substance into another. Although alchemy is often portrayed as pseudoscience, it pioneered the study of the elements which later morphed into chemistry. | Development of Modern Chemistry |
| said that there were tiny bodies inside all combustible things, and when ablaze, they’re released | Priestley’s “Phlogiston Theory” |
| The “Phlogiston Theory” was accepted for a very long time. It was even considered canonical science for many decades. The theory was overturned by | Antoine Lavoisier |
| developed the first biological taxonomy. This inspired the young Charles Darwin to become a naturalist. | Carl Linnaeus |
| was NOT the first theory of evolution. But he was the first to provide a mechanism for it (Natural Selection) and a mountain of data to back it up | Charles Darwin (12 Feb 1809 - 19 Apr 1882) |
| an Austrian neurologist founder of psychoanalysis (clinical method for treating psychopathology through dialogue between a patient and a psychoanalyst) | Sigmund Freud (1856 - 1939) |
| theories had a revolutionary effect on the beliefs and morals of modern society as well as on the arts. | Sigmund Freud (1856 - 1939) |
| introduced the idea of the unconscious, divided the human mind into id, ego and super ego, and showed that our mind is far from being transparent to itself. | Freud |
| radically changed the way in which human beings perceive themselves, the universe, and the manner by which they interact with the rest of the world. refers to the current economic, social and technological trends beyond the Industrial Revolution | The Information Revolution |
| Much of the human story remains a mystery because writing has existed for only about | 5,000 years. |
| Anthropologists study culture (knowledge, art, customs) by | examining artifacts that people in the past made or used |
| Name means “Southern ape” | AUSTROLOPITHECINE |
| Appeared in Africa about 4 to 5 million years ago | AUSTROLOPITHECINE |
| Stood upright and walked on two legs -Brain was about 1/3 the size of modern humans | AUSTROLOPITHECINE |
| Name means “Handy man” | HOMO HABILIS |
| Appeared in Africa about 2.4 million years ago | HOMO HABILIS |
| Used crude stone tools for chopping and scraping -Brain was about half the size of modern humans | HOMO HABILIS |
| Name means “Upright man” | HOMO ERECTUS |
| Appeared in Africa about 2 to 1.5 million years ago -Used early stone tools such as the hand ax -Learned to control fire -Migrated out of Africa | HOMO ERECTUS |
| Name means “Wise man” | HOMO SAPIENS |
| Appeared in Africa about 200,000 years ago | HOMO SAPIENS |
| Migrated around the world -Same species as modern humans -Used a wide range of tools -Learned to create fire -Likely to have developed language | HOMO SAPIENS |
| Began 1.6 M years ago with long periods of freezing weather cycled with warmer periods Asia and North America were joined at Bering Strait | THE ICE AGES |
| was first hominid to migrate, followed by Homo sapiens around 100,000 years ago (some of them might have used boats | Homo erectus |
| 30 000 BCE- 10 000 BCE (AGE) | STONE AGE |
| 10 000 BCE- 8 000 BCE(AGE) | BRONZE AGE |
| 8 000 BCE- 3 000 BCE (AGE) | IRON AGE |
| Dated roughly 3.4 million years ago Man is primarily a food gatherer and hunter Tools gradually develop from single to all-purpose tools to specialized tools used for specified functions | Stone Age |
| The Stone Age is divided into 3 distinct periods: | PALEOLITHIC, MESOLITHIC, NEOLITHIC |
| early humans lived in caves or simple huts Lived as hunters and gatherers. | Paleolithic Period |
| Used basic stone and bone tools, as well as crude stone axes, for hunting birds and wild animals. Cooked using controlled fire. They also fished and collected berries, fruit and nuts. | Paleolithic Period |
| were the first to leave behind art and also carved small figurines from stones, clay, bones and antlers. | Paleolithic Period |
| is the oldest stone tool (Pebble-tool traditions) | Oldowan toolkit |
| 4 FUNDAMENTAL TOOL TRADITIONS DURING THE PALEOLITHIC PERIOD | Pebble-tool traditions Bifacial-tool or hand axe traditions Flake-tool traditions Blade-tool traditions |
| This is produced by striking the core of a stone with a stone hammer or by using a stone hammer with bone or wood as an intermediate object between the hammer and the potential stone tool Used as knives and scrapers | FLAKE TOOL TRADITION |
| were shaped or chipped for use as cutting tools, flakes, blades and weapons; used cutting, chopping, scraping and sawing | Flint and chert |
| were used for ground stone tools | Basalt and sandstone |
| Toolkits included points which could be hafted on the shafts to make spears Smaller points were attached to smaller shafts to make darts, arrows and other projectile weapons | Mesolithic Period |
| Stone awls were made to perforate hides Many inventions appeared such as needles and thread, skin clothing, harpoon, spear thrower and special fishing equipments | Mesolithic Period |
| Characterized primarily by: herding societies bronze smelting adoption of agriculture development of pottery | Neolithic Period |
| The biggest effect on technology seems to stem from the economic requirements of supporting a larger population | Neolithic Period |
| The development of agriculture radically changed how people lived. This shift to farming is referred to as the | Neolithic Revolution. |
| This period is marked with the beginning of mining and metallurgy Denotes the first period in which metal was used, man began smelting copper and alloying with tin and arsenic to make bronze tools and weapons | Bronze Age |
| Copper + Tin = | BRONZE |
| This harder metal replaced its stone predecessors, and helped spark innovations including the ox-drawn plow and the wheel | BRONZE |
| This time period also brought advances in architecture and art, including the invention of the potter’s wheel, and textiles—clothing consisted of mostly wool items such as skirts, kilts, tunics and cloaks | Bronze Age |
| Home dwellings morphed to roundhouses, consisting of a circular stone wall | Bronze Age |
| heating iron with carbon= | steel |
| The dominant tool making material is iron Though iron is seen as an inferior metal compared to their bronze counterparts, use of Became sporadic when people learned how to make steel, a much harder metal, by heating iron with carbon | Iron Age |
| Some experts believe that a ______may have caused shortages of the copper or tin used to make bronze around this time. Metal smiths, as a result, may have turned to iron as an alternative. | Disruption in trade routes |
| any systematic knowledge or practice. a system of acquiring knowledge based on the scientific method. organized body of knowledge gained through research. | SCIENCE? |
| It includes ideas, theories, and all available systematic explanations and observations about the natural and physical world | Science as an Idea. |
| The human attempt to understand the natural world, with or without concern for practical uses of that knowledge. | SCIENCE? |
| It encompasses a systematic and practical study of the natural and physical world. This process of study involves systematic observation and experimentation. | Science as an intellectual activity. |
| It is a subject or a discipline , a field of study, or a body of knowledge that deals with the process of learning about the natural and physical world. This is what we refer to as school science. | Science as a body of knowledge |
| This explains that science is both knowledge and activities done by human beings to develop better understanding of the world around them. | Science as a personal and social activity |
| Came from 2 Greek words: “techne" (skill, craf tsmanship, art) “logos” (discourse, reason) | Technology? |
| The human attempt to change the world. A human activity involved with the making and using of material artifacts. As a human activity, technology is on the same level as art, politics, economics and the like. | Technology? |
| Technology involves… | Tools Techniques Procedures for putting the findings of science to practical use |
| explores for the purpose of knowing. | Science |
| explores for the purpose of making something useful from that knowledge | Technology |
| is a field of endeavour upon which a two-way interaction operates between the two. | Science and Technology |
| a community , nation or broad grouping of people having common traditions, institutions and collective activities and interests | Society |
| y finds skull fragments of a hominid (humanlike being that walked upright) | 1959, East Africa • Mary Leakey |
| finds “Lucy”, a four-foot tall hominid that lived 4 to 5 million years ago | 1974, Ethiopia • Donald Johanson |
| Footprints were found relating to advanced hominids about 3 to 5 million years ago | 1960s, Tanzania |
| Found Homo habilis (“handy man”) that had humanlike features as well as made and used crude stone tools | • Louis Leakey |
| It covers the time from the fall of the Roman Empire to the rise of the Ottoman Empire | Middle Ages |
| Medieval Times, Middle Ages and Dark Ages are generally referring to the same period of time from | 500 to 1500 AD. |
| is a revolutionized medieval siege weapon which uses counterweights and hurling of huge stones to very far distances. It was first used in the eastern Mediterranean basin | a. Counterweight trebuchet |
| disciplined archery was used by the English against the French during the Hundred Year’s War(1337-1453). The Longbow was powerful, accurate and contributed to the eventual demise of the medieval knight class | b. Long bow with massed, |
| was the first hand-held mechanical crossbow. This European innovation came with several different cocking aids to enhance draw power | c. Steel crossbow |
| is composed of a thin rod with a hard cutting edge placed in a borehole and repeatedly struck with a hammer. Undergound water pressure forces the water up the hole without pumping. | c. Artesian well |
| is used in construction, mining and farming for carrying materials from place to place. appeared in stories and pictures between 1170 and 1250 in North-western Europe. | d. Wheelbarrow |
| is a pivot able post mill efficient at grinding grain or draining water. The first mention of one is from Yorkshire in England in 1185 | c. Vertical windmills |
| It is said that the earliest predecessors of the game originated from India, in the 6th century AD and spread through Persia and the Muslim world to Europe. The game evolved to its current form in the 15th century. | e. Chess- |
| were made in 1180 by Alexander Neckham who said “ Take away the lead which is behind the glass and there will be no image of the one looking in.” | f. Mirrors |
| is a special type of water mill driven by tidal rise and fall. A dam with a conduit is created across a suitable tidal inlet, or a section of river estuary is made into a reservoir. | h. A tide mill |
| was probably invented in India, though its origins are ambiguous. It reached Europe via the Middle East in the European Middle Ages. It replaced the earlier method of hand spinning, | i. The spinning wheel was |
| radically changed our conception of the universe and places of humanity in it. Theory of evolution which posited that populations pass through the process of natural selection in which only the fittest will survive (Intellectual revolutions) | Darwinian revolution |
| viewed as the discovery of a way of locating in the mind objective entities which can be studied like physical things. (Intellectual revolutions) | Freud’s revolution |
| changed the ways in which human beings perceive themselves, the universe and the manner by which they interact with rest of the world to the current economic, social and technological trends BEYOND the Industrial revolution. (Intellectual revolutions) | Information revolution |
| challenged the Ptolemic view of the universe. Caused the paradigm shift of how the earth and sun were placed in the universe (Intellectual revolutions) | Copernican revolution |
| brought impactful changes in the contemporary world, which improved and modified to increase efficiency and effectively (Intellectual revolutions) | Meso-American revolution |
| great civilization have stood out in the field of science and technology (Intellectual revolutions) | Asian revolution |
| led to the development of the scientific method in Muslim world, and made significant improvements by using experiments to distinguish between competing scientific theories set within a generically empirical orientation. (Intellectual revolutions) | Middle East revolution |
| has contributed immensely and made significant advances in the fields of astronomy, (Intellectual revolutions) mathematics and medicine. | African revolution |
| was a time of creativity and change in Europe. It was a rebirth of cultural and intellectual pursuits after the stagnation of the Middle Ages. | Renaissance |
| produced a golden age with many achievements in art, literature, and sciences, but most importantly, it produced a new concept of how people thought of themselves, each other, and the world around them. | The Renaissance |
| was centred in Italy during the 1300s, before spreading throughout Europe in the 1500 and 1600s. Great advances occurred in geography, astronomy, chemistry, physics , mathematics, manufacturing, anatomy and engineering. | (The Renaissance ) |
| is known as sculpture, painter, poet, engineer and architect. His famous works include the mural on the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel, and the sculpture of the biblical character David. The Renaissance ) | Michaelangelo |
| was the most technological innovation of the time. This was introduced from China in the 1300s. RENAISSANCE | The invention of the printing press |
| began printing the Bible in every language. Soon millions of books were in circulation. This invention led to a higher literacy rate among people, and helped the spreading of Rennaissance ideas. | Johann Gutenberg |
| these inventions allowed modern people to communicate, exercise power, and finally travel at distances unimaginable in earlier times. The Renaissance ) | o Firearms and the nautical compass |
| is the study of the transformation of materials through obscure processes. It is sometimes described as an early form of chemistry The Renaissance ) | Alchemy |
| Medieval alchemists worked with two main elements, The Renaissance ) | sulphur and mercury |
| Founded the Theory of Heliocentric, that the earth revolved around the sun. Sun is the center of the solar system The Renaissance ) | Nicolaus Copernicus(1473-1543). |
| . His book De revolutionibus orbium coelestium ( On the Revolutions of the Celestial Spheres), was finally published in 1543.A comparison of his work with the Almagest shows that __ was a Renaissance scientist rather than revolutionary. The Renaissance ) | Nicolaus Copernicus(1473-1543). |
| described the anatomy of the brain and other organs. In 1543, he published one of the most famous publications in natural philosophy his anatomical book de fabrica (On the fabric of the human Body). The Renaissance ) | Andreas Vesalius(1514-1564), |
| provided a refined and complete description of the circulatory system. The most useful tomes in medicine, used both by students and experts physicians, were materiae medicae and paharmacopoeiae The Renaissance ) | - William Harvey |
| published portraits of Living Plants,undermining the practice of copying drawings from existing accounts (The Renaissance ) | - Otto Brunfels (1530-1536) |
| was the emergence of modern science during the early modern period, when developments in mathematics, physics, astronomy, biology and chemistry transformed the views of society and nature. | (The Scientific Revolution) |
| began in Europe towards the end of the Renaissance period and continued through the late 18th century, influencing the intellectual social movement known as the Enlightenment. | The Scientific Revolution |
| De revolutionibus orbium coelestium is often cited as marking the beginning of the scientific revolution. (The Scientific Revolution) | 1. Nicolaus Copernicus 1543 |
| published books On the Magnet and Magnetic Bodies, and the Great Magnet the Earth in 1600, which laid the foundations of a theory of magnetism and electricity with speculations about cosmology (The Scientific Revolution) | 2. William Gilbert (1544-1603) |
| a Danish nobleman. He is known for his accurate and comprehensive astronomical and planetary observations. In November 1572, He discovered the ‘Tycho’s Star’ or the ‘Star of 1572’ (The Scientific Revolution) | 3. Tyco Brahe (1546-1601), |
| first publication in astronomy, called CosmographicMystery a stridently Copernican worldview dedicated to drawing together mathematical astronomy, physics, and quasi- Pythagorean religious perspective hope a new astronomy (The Scientific Revolution) | 4. Johannes Kepler (1571-1630) |
| published Novum Organum in 1620, which outlined a new system of logic based on the process of reduction, which he offered as an improvement over Aristotle’s philosophical process of syllogism (The Scientific Revolution) | 5. Sir Francis Bacon (1561-1526) |
| the famous Italian Astronomer who demonstrated that a projectile follows a parabolic path; (The Scientific Revolution) | 6. Galileo Galilei |
| , he invented the telescope(‘spyglass’) which employs a convex objective lens and a concave eyepiece (The Scientific Revolution) | 6. Galileo Galilei |
| published his Discourse on the Method in 1637, which helped to establish the scientific method.(The Scientific Revolution) | 7. Rene Descartes 91596-1650) |
| constructed powerful single lens microscopes and made extensive observations that he published around 1660, opening up the micro-world of biology (The Scientific Revolution) | 8. Antoine van Leeuwenhoek (1632-1723 |
| built the work of Kepler and Galileo. showed that the inverse square law for gravity the elliptical orbits of the planets, and the law of universal gravitation; In his Principia, theorized his axiomatic three laws of motion (The Scientific Revolution) | 9. Isaac Newton (1643-1727) |
| , in the 20th century, introduced the term “Scientific Revolution” centering his analysis on Galileo, and the term was popularized by Butterfield in his Origins of Modern Science (The Scientific Revolution) | 10. Alexander Koyre , |
| is recognized founder of empiricism and proposed in An Essay Concerning Human Understanding(1689) that the only true knowledge that could be accessible to the human mind was that which was based on experience (The Scientific Revolution) | 11. John Locke |
| ) an English Chemist considered to have refined the modern scientific method for alchemy and to have separated chemistry further from alchemy. He is largely regarded today as the first modern chemist (The Scientific Revolution) | 12. Robert Boyle (1627-1691) |
| of Alkmaarall contributed to the invention of refracting telescopes first appeared in Netherland in 1608(The Scientific Revolution) | 13. Hans Lippershey, Zacharias Janssen and Jacob Metius |
| was best known for his invention of the mercury barometer. The motivation for the invention was to improve on the suction pumps that were used to raise water out of the mines. (The Scientific Revolution) | 14. Evangelista Torricelli (1607-1647) |
| Siberian-American engineer and physicist who made countless breakthroughs in the production, transmission and application of electrical power. Most notably known for his discovery of the electric alternating current. (MODERN AGES) | Nikola Tesla |
| Was an American Inventor and Businessman. Dubbed as America's greatest inventor. Most notably known for inventing the first ever lightbulb. (MODERN AGES) | Thomas Alva Edison |
| Scottish-born scientist, inventor, engineer and innovator. Mostly known for inventing the telephone. He is also the founder of The American Telephone and Telegraph Company (AT&T) (MODERN AGES) | Alexander Graham Bell |
| Credited for building and developing the world's first successfully flying airplane.(MODERN AGES) | Orville and Wilbur Wright |
| A Scottish-born engineer. Although the original thought of creating the television was not considered to be his, he is credited as creator of the first television. (MODERN AGES) | John Logie Baird |
| Was a Scottish physician, microbiologist, and pharmacologist. His best- known discoveries are the enzyme lysozyme in 1923 and the world's first antibiotic. (MODERN AGES) | Alexander Fleming |
| made it possible for people to have an easier transport when traveling long distances. (MODERN AGES) | Railroads |
| electrical lighting and light bulbs replaced candles, kerosene, and gas lamps. (MODERN AGES) | Electric Lighting |
| made it possible for people to conduct communication across the country. (MODERN AGES) | Telephones/Telegrams |
| the time period in history between the origins of human civilization and the fall of ancient empires. | ANCIENT HISTORY 6000 BcE - 650 CE |
| mostly refers to the Mediterranean region, mainly Ancient Greece and Rome. | The Classical period |
| - Ancient Sumer (6000 BCE - 1100 BCE). "The cradle of civilization", it is in _____we see the earliest evidence for human civilization, with the emergence of urban centres. ___ is modern-day Iraq. | Mesopotamia |
| Spanning almost 30 centuries, ____ was one of the greatest ancient civilizations in the Mediterranean world. | Ancient Egypt (5000 BCE - 332 BCE) |
| Located in modern-day Pakistan and Northern India, the___ was of the world's earliest civilizations. Here, we see developed urban planning and technical innovation. | The Indus Valley Civilization (3300 BCE - 1300 BCE). |
| The earliest dynasty of China, and the beginning of the Bronze Age in China, the ____ saw developments in maths and military technology. | The Shang Dynasty (1600 BCE - 1046 BCE) |
| ). A collection of tribes who originated in Central Europe. ___tribes lived across Europe and Britain and shared a common language, religious beliefs and culture. The___culture is the most prominent today in Ireland and Great Britain. | The Celts (1200 BCE - 12 BCE) |
| The longest-lasting dynasty in China’s history, the _____saw further cultural developments | The Zhou Dynasty (1046 BCE - 771 BCE) |
| Another one of the Mediterranean world’s greatest civilizations, ___ saw significant developments in philosophy, politics and science with the formation of city-states. | Ancient Greece (1000 BCE - 146/323 BCE). |
| With the establishment of the Roman Empire, this period encompassed most of Europe, northern Africa and Western Asia. Here we see developments in human civilization, from public health to architecture, roads and the Julian Calendar | Ancient Rome (753 BCE - 476 CE) |
| Discovered in a shipwreck off the Greek island of _____, this ancient Greek device is considered the world's oldest analog computer. It was used to predict astronomical positions and eclipses | The AnTikYtHerA MecHAniSm |
| showcases advanced engineering and architectural knowledge. The precise alignment and massive scale of these structures demonstrate sophisticated mathematical and construction techniques. | AnCiEnT egYpTiAn PyRamIDs |
| The Romans built extensive networks of aqueducts, such as the Pont du Gard in France and the Aqua Claudia in Rome, to transport water over long distances. structures demonstrate their understanding of hydraulic engineering and materials like concrete | RomAN aqUeDUcTs |
| Ancient China made significant contributions to science and technology. Examples include the invention of paper, the compass, gunpowder, and the printing press, which revolutionized communication and warfare. | ChiNEse InVenTIonS |
| Ancient Greeks, including mathematicians like Euclid, Pythagoras, and Archimedes, developed fundamental principles and theorems that laid the foundation for modern mathematics. Their work in geometry, algebra, and calculus remains influential today | GreEK maThEMatICs |
| such as Aryabhata and Brahmagupta, made important contributions to number systems, algebra, and trigonometry. They introduced concepts like zero and decimal notation, which were later adopted by other civilizations | InDiAn MatHEmaTIcS |
| The Maya civilization in Mesoamerica developed a complex and accurate calendar system. Their understanding of astronomy allowed them to track celestial events and make precise calculations of time | MayAN caLEnDar |
| The ancient Greeks, particularly figures like Hippocrates and Galen, made significant advancements in medical knowledge. They developed theories of disease, conducted anatomical studies, and introduced ethical principles into medical practice. | AnCiEnT gReEk MedICinE |
| The Inca Empire in South America constructed an extensive network of roads, known as the _____, which covered thousands of miles. This engineering feat facilitated communication, trade, and military movement across their vast empire | InCan ROad SySteMs |
| dating back to 3300 BCE, had well-planned cities with advanced drainage and sanitation systems. The engineering skills required for such infrastructure indicate a high level of scientific knowledge | InDus VAlLey CIviLIzaTIonS |
| PHILIPPINE National Scientists-Pediatrics | Fe del Mundo |
| PHILIPPINE National Scientists- Plant Taxonomy | Eduardo Quisumbing |
| PHILIPPINE National Scientists-tropical marine Phycology | Gavin Trono |
| PHILIPPINE National Scientists- Food Technology | Maria Orosa |
| PHILIPPINE STONE AGE Archeological findings show that modern man from Asian mainland first came over land on across narrow channels to live in | Batangas and Palawan about 48,000 B.C. |
| Spanish chronicles noted refined plank built warships called | caracoa suited for inter-island trade raids. |
| are among the sophisticated products of engineering by pre-Spanish era Filipinos. | The Banaue Rice Terraces |
| introduced formal education and founded scientific institutions.- PHIL | The Spanish |
| also contributed to the field of engineering by constructing government buildings, churches, roads, bridges and forts. | The Spanish |
| the oldest in the Far East was founded in 1578.- HOSPITAL | San Juan Lazaro Hospital |
| considered was the father of Philippine Pharmacy due to his works on Medicinal Plants of the Philippines | Leon Ma. Guerrero |
| promoted meteorological studies founding Manila observatory at the Ateneo Municipal de Manila in 1865 | Jesuits |
| In the amended 1973 Philippine Constitution, Article XV, Section 9 (1), he declared that the "advancement of science and technology shall have priority in the national development.” | Marcos Era and Martial Law |
| establishment of the Philippine Atmospheric Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration (PAGASA) under the Department of National Defense | Marcos Era and Martial Law |
| Aquino created the Presidential Task Force for Science and Technology which came up with the first Science and Technology Master Plan or STMP. | The Fifth Republic President Corazon C. Aquino |
| 3,500 scholarships were given to students taking up S&T-related courses - Science and Technology Scholarship Law of 1994 | Pres. Fidel V. Ramos |
| Magna Carta for Science and Technology Personnel National Program for Gifted Filipino Children in Science and Technology Science and Technology Agenda for National Development (STAND) The Intellectual Property Code of the Philippines | Pres. Fidel V. Ramos |
| During this period Filipinos were engaged in the extraction smelting and refining of iron from ores until the importation of cast iron from Sarawak and later from China. | Iron Age |
| They learned to weave cotton, make glass ornaments, and cultivate lowland rice and diked fields of terraced fields utilizing spring water in mountain regions. | Iron Age |
| Filipinos from the Butuan were trading with Champa (Vietnam) and those from Ma-I (Mindoro) with China as noted in Chinese records containing several references to the Philippines | 10th century A.D |
| Filipinos were already engage in activities and practices related to science forming primitive or first wave technology. They were curative values of some plant on how to extract medicine from herbs. | Before the Spaniards |
| contributed to the field of engineering by constructing government buildings, churches, roads, bridges and forts. Biology is given focus-PHIL | Spanish Colonial Period |
| The Galleon Trade have accounted in the Philippine colonial economy. | Spanish Colonial Period |
| Higher education was generally viewed with suspicion as encouraging rebellion among native Filipinos and thus only few daring students were able to undertake higher studies | Spanish Regime |
| Philippine Clean Air Act of 1999 (Republic Act No. 8749[33]) - to protect and preserve the environment and ensure the sustainable development of the country’s natural resources | Under Pres. Joseph Estrada |
| Electronic Commerce Act of 2000 (Republic Act No. 8792)[34] which outlaws computer hacking and provides opportunities for new businesses emerging from the Internet-driven New Economy | Under Pres. Joseph Estrada |
| dubbed as the "golden age" of science and technology Numerous laws and projects concerning the environment and science helped push STI The term "Filipinnovation" was coined to promote the Philippines to be an innovation hub in Asia | Under Pres. Gloria Arroyo |
| extensive studies made on seaweed species helped families in the coastal areas | Gavino C. Trono |
| served as the pioneer scientist and advocate of coral reefs aside from his contribution in the fields of systematics, secology and herpetology | Angel C. Alcala |
| all year round availability of mangoes was made possible through his studies on the induction of flowering of mango and micropropagation of important crop species. | Ramon C. Barba |
| steered the national-scale assessment of damage coral reefs which led to a national conservation program. | Edgardo D. Gomez |
| – theory of relativity Industrial Revolution (A.D. 1730-A.D. 1950 in the Modern World) | Albert Einstein |
| have been used as tracers in complicated chemical and biochemical reactions and have also found application in geological dating. Industrial Revolution (A.D. 1730-A.D. 1950 in the Modern World) | Radioactive isotopes |
| theory of Genetics, he observed and studied the pattern of inheritance using a pea plant and developed the Mendelian Principles of heredity. Industrial Revolution (A.D. 1730-A.D. 1950 in the Modern World) | Gregor Medel’s |
| a French scientist as father of microbiology. pioneered pasteurization. proposed the germ theory of disease. developed a vaccine for rabies and disproved spontaneous generation theory. Industrial Revolution (A.D. 1730-A.D. 1950 in the Modern World) | Louis Pasteur |
| around the turn of the century biological evolution came to be interpreted in terms of mutations that result in genetically distinct species; Industrial Revolution (A.D. 1730-A.D. 1950 in the Modern World) | Hugo de Vries |
| simplifies textile manufacturing was considered as one of the most critical drivers of the Industrial revolution, built by French weaver Joseph Marie Jacquard . Industrial Revolution (A.D. 1730-A.D. 1950 in the Modern World) | Jacquard Loom |
| A major change in the metal industries during the era of the Industrial Revolution was the replacement of wood and other bio-fuels with coal. Industrial Revolution (A.D. 1730-A.D. 1950 in the Modern World) | Metallurgy |
| had succeeded by 1778 in perfecting his steam engine, which incorporated a series of radical improvements Industrial Revolution (A.D. 1730-A.D. 1950 in the Modern World) | James Watt and Matthew Boulton, |
| is used for pickling(removing rust) iron and steel, and for bleaching cloth Industrial Revolution (A.D. 1730-A.D. 1950 in the Modern World) | Sulphuric acid |
| The large scale production of chemicals such as sulphuric(sulfuric) acid by the lead chamber process was invented by the Englishman Industrial Revolution (A.D. 1730-A.D. 1950 in the Modern World) | John Roebuck |
| a British bricklayer turned builder, patented a chemical process for making Portland cement which was an important advance in the building trades.. Cement in the construction. Industrial Revolution (A.D. 1730-A.D. 1950 in the Modern World) | Cement: In 1824 Joseph Aspdin |
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