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A&P 150- Exam 3
Professor Babiar
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What structures are located in the CNS? | Brain and spinal cord |
| What structures are located in the PNS? | Nerves of the body (cranial, the ones exiting intervertebral foramen) |
| What are the functions of the nervous system? | Receives sensory and motor info generates motor info integrates and processes info |
| Define “action potential” in a nerve cell. | Action potentials are electrical impulses carried along the length of axons. -Always the same regardless of stimulus -Underlying functional features of the nervous system. |
| Your body wants to tell your thyroid gland to release a hormone. Which division of the nervous system is responsible for this information? | Motor-autonomic division |
| You are receiving information that something is touching your skin. Which division of the nervous system is responsible for this information? | The Somatic-Sensory division. |
| The Autonomic Nervous System is divided into two parts. List them: | 1- Sympathetic 2- Parasympathetic |
| The most abundant type of neuron in the body is unipolar, bipolar or multipolar? | Multipolar |
| Are interneurons unipolar, bipolar or multipolar? | Mainly multipolar |
| What is the difference between an excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitter? | Excitatory neurotransmitters make the post-synaptic neuron generate an action potential, while inhibitory neurotransmitters PREVENT the post-synaptic neurons by generating an action potential. (EXCITE- generates action) (INHIBIT- stops action) |
| What is happening to a neuron in the condition known as Multiple Sclerosis? | Nerve fibers are severed. Myelin sheaths in CNS become nonfunctional sclerosis. Slows down nerve signals. |
| What is the difference between sensory and motor information? | Sensory= towards CNS Motor= away from CNS |
| What does afferent mean? | Towards the nervous system |
| What does efferent mean? | Away from the nervous system |
| List the functions of the Somatic Sensory division of the nervous system and an example | General senses such as touch, pain, pressure, vibration, and proprioception(vibrations); Voluntary and controls skeletal muscles. -E.g. Joints; kicking a ball |
| List the functions of the Visceral Sensory nervous system and an example | From organs; stretches, pressures, and chemical stuff for organs - E.g organ stretching, bloating |
| What is the glial cell that produces myelin in the peripheral nervous system? | Neurolemmocytes |
| Are most sensory neurons of the body unipolar, bipolar or multipolar? | Unipolar |
| What is the most abundant glial cell found in the body? | Astrocytes |
| What is the name of the structure where the axon originates in a neuron? | Axon Hillock |
| Once an axon is damaged, can it regenerate? | Only in the PNS |
| List the functions of the somatic motor division of the nervous system and Give an example | Impulses from the CNS that cause contraction of skeletal muscles (motor) - E.g. flexing biceps |
| List the functions of the Autonomic Motor division of your nervous system and Give an example | Impulses from the CNS that regulate smooth and cardiac muscle, as well as glands; Involuntary E.g. heart and stomach expanding |
| If you were receiving information about your stomach stretching, which division of the nervous system would this be coming from? | Parasympathetic-Autonomic Division |
| Define a pre-synaptic neuron. | Contains synaptic vesicles and transmits a signal towards a synapse |
| Define a post-synaptic neuron. | Transmits a signal away from the synapse |
| Are motor neurons afferent or efferent? | Efferent |
| Are sensory neurons afferent or efferent? | Afferent |
| What makes the white matter of the nervous system appear white? Which glial cell helps to make the CSF? | Myelin |
| Which glial cell helps to make the CSF? | Ependymal cells |
| Neurons require a large amount of ATP to be functional. This means they require a large amount of which organelle to be present? | Mitochondria |
| What is the space between the pre-synaptic and post-synaptic neuron called? | Synaptic Cleft |
| In the condition of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS), are motor or sensory neurons mostly involved? | In ALS, mostly motor neurons are involved. - Another name for ALS is Lou Gehrig's disease - Stephen Hawking had this disease. |
| What is the normal conduction of an impulse through a neuron? | Dendrite -> Cell -> Body -> Axon (D - C - B - A) |
| What is an electrical synapse? | specialized connections between neurons that facilitate direct ionic and small metabolite communication |
| What is a chemical synapse? | connections between two neurons or between a neuron and a non-neuronal cell - releases and receives neurotransmitters |
| Which synapse is more commonly used in the brain? | Axodendritic synapse |
| List whether the following neurotransmitters can be: excitatory, inhibitory, or both | Acetylcholine- excitatory Serotonin- inhibitory Glutamate- excitatory Dopamine- inhibitory GABA- inhibitory |
| Where are interneurons located? | Between sensory and motor neurons |
| Information being sent to a skeletal muscle to tell it to move would be carried by which division of the motor nervous system? | Somatic-Motor Division |
| Another term for sensory is: | Afferent |
| Motor neurons carry afferent information. True or false? | False; motor neurons carry efferent info |
| List the three types of functional neurons and give an example of each. | 1- Sensory- sends information to the CNS; mainly unipolar. 2- Interneuron- connects neurons together; only found in CNS; mainly multipolar. 3- Motor- taking information to effector for result (multipolar) |
| Most sensory neurons are classified as which type of structural neuron? | Unipolar |
| Where are the cell bodies of most sensory neurons located? | Dorsal Root Ganglia |
| Most motor neurons are classified as which type of structural neuron? | Multipolar |
| Interneurons are classified as which type of structural neuron? | Multipolar |
| Where are interneurons located? | Between neurons |
| Which is the most abundant type of neuron. Sensory, Motor or Interneuron? | Interneurons |
| Which is the most abundant type of neuron. Unipolar, Bipolar or Multipolar? | Multipolar neurons |
| Where are neurotransmitters kept within a neuron? | Synaptic Vesicles |
| Oligodendrocytes help to form the blood-brain barrier. True or false? If false, which glial cell does this? | False; Astrocytes do |
| The Autonomic nervous system helps to control skeletal muscles. True or false? | False |
| Astrocytes | Maintains blood brain barrier, provides structural support, regulates tissue fluid composition, regulated synaptic transition, assists in creation of nerve cells, replaces damaged nerve cells |
| Ependymal Cells | Lines ventricles of brain and central canal in spinal cord. Assists in producing, circulating, and monitoring CSF. |
| Microglial Cells | Remove cell debris; phagocytize, removes pathogens. |
| Oligodendrocytes | Performs myelination of CNS axons; structural framework. |
| Neurolemmocyte | Performs myelination of PNS axons; surrounds all axons in PNS, participates in repair process after injury. |
| What glial cell is most commonly involved in brain tumors? | Astrocytes |
| What division of the sensory nervous system will receive information from the skin, fascia and joints? | Somtaic-Sensory Nervous System |
| Sending a nerve impulse to cardiac muscle would be carried by which division of the motor nervous system? | Autonomic-Motor NS |
| The cranial nerves are part of the central nervous system. True or false? | True |
| What does it mean that neurons have a high metabolic rate? | They require more energy |
| What are the gaps between the myelin sheaths in a neuron called? | Neurofibril nodes |
| Which cell produces myelin in the central nervous system? | Oligodendrocytes |
| Which cell produces myelin in the peripheral nervous system? | Neurolemmocytes |
| What are the two major functions of myelin? | 1. Insulation of electrical activity 2. Increases impulse speed |
| What is saltatory conduction? | 1. Voltage-gated Na+ channels are concentrated at these nodes 2. Action potentials are triggered only at the nodes and jump from one node to the next |
| What two factors help determine the speed an impulse will travel down an axon? | A large diameter and myelination |
| Which would have a faster speed of transmission: Small diameter and unmyelinated axon Large diameter and myelinated axon | Large diameter and myelinated |
| You want to tell your quadriceps muscles to contract. Which division of the nervous system would you use for this? | Somatic-Motor NS |
| You are receiving information from your stomach that it’s expanding in size. Which division of the nervous system is responsible for this? | Autonomic-Motor NS |
| In a resting neuron, what is the charge inside the cell membrane? | Negative |
| The part of a neuron that receives the signal from another neuron is the axon. True or false? If false, which part does receive the signal? | False; Dendrites receive signals |
| Oligodendrocytes help to make the myelin in the central nervous system. True or false? | True |
| List the three layers of the meninges from external to internal. | Dura Mater Arachnoid Pia Mater |
| Where is the CSF made? What are the functions of the CSF? | - CSF is made in the ventricles - Helps w/ brain buoyancy, protection, and environmental stability |
| What is the blood/brain barrier and why is it important? | Protects brain tissue from circulating pathogens Filters harmful compounds from brain Supplies nutrients to brain tissue |
| What makes white matter “white”? | Myelin |
| List the 4 regions for the brain: | Cerebrum, Diencephalon, Brian Stem, Cerebellum |
| What is the difference between epidural and subdural space? | Epidural means “outisde space” while subdural space is the space b/w the dura and arachnoid layer. |
| The auditory association area is located in which lobe of the brain? | Temporal Lobe |
| Name, Function, and Type of Cranial Nerve I | Name of Cranial Nerve I: Olfactory nerve Cranial Nerve I: Sensory Function of Cranial Nerve I: The olfactory nerve carries impulses for the sense of smell. |
| You’ve lost some motor information to the trapezius and SCM muscles. Which cranial nerve is most likely involved? | Spinal Accessory Nerve (XI) |
| True or False: The appendicular/limb muscles on the right side of your body are controlled by the right side of your brain. | False |
| What is a tract? | bundles of axons of white matter regions that allow for communication between them |
| Define the following tracts: Association, Commissural, and Projection | Association tracts- connect the same hemisphere Commissural tracts- connects L and R hemisphere Projection tracts-connect cerebrum w/ brainstem and spinal cord |
| Does the Parietal lobe carry mostly motor or sensory type information? | Sensory Info |
| Which lobe is the Pre-Central Gyrus located in? | Frontal Lobe |
| What is the function of the Primary Motor Cortex? | controls ALL voluntary skeletal movement. (pre-central gyrus). |
| What is the function of the Insula? | Taste; gustatory cortex |
| Which region of the brain is used to help understand written and spoken language? | Wernicke's area |
| What is the name of the tract that connects the two hemispheres together? | Commissural tracts |
| 4 ventricles of brain: | Lateral Ventricle Lateral Ventricle Third Ventricle Fourth Ventricle |
| Name, Type, and Function of Cranial Nerve II | Optic Nerve, Sensory, Transmits info into visual images |
| Name, Type, and Function of Cranial Nerve III | Occulomotor Nerve, Motor, Moves eyes up and down (eye muscles) |
| There is a blockage of the cerebral aqueduct causing loss of CSF flow. Which region of the brainstem is involved? | Midbrain |
| You’ve lost your ability to smell. Which cranial nerve is most likely affected? | Olfactory (I) |
| Broca’s Area | Lobe: Left Frontal Lobe Function: Motor for speech |
| Primary Motor Cortex | Lobe: Frontal Lobe Function: All voluntary skeletal movement (opp. side) |
| Auditory Association Area | Lobe: Temporal lobe Function:interpret sound and share information. |
| Frontal Eye Field | Lobe: Frontal Lobe Function: motor movement for eyes; tracking |
| Which lobe contains the Primary Auditory Cortex? | Temporal Lobe |
| Is the cortex of the brain grey or white matter? | Grey Matter |
| What are the bumps or ridges of the cerebrum called? | Gyruses. |
| What is the most inferior region of the brainstem called? | Midbrain |
| Name, Type, and Function of Cranial Nerve IV | Trochlear, Motor, Moves eyes medialy and laterally |
| Name, Type, and Function of Cranial Nerve V | Trigeminal, Motor/Sensory, Mastication and Facial Sensation |
| You’ve lost the function of the coughing and vomiting reflex. Which region of the brainstem is most likely involved? | Medulla Oblongata |
| You’ve lost the ability to control the muscles of your tongue. Which cranial nerve is most likely involved? | Hypoglossal (XII) |
| Wernicke’s Area | Lobe: Parietal and Temporal Function: understanding written and spoken language |
| Primary Somatosensory Cortex | Lobe: Parietal Lobe Function: Somatic stuff (touch, temp, pressure, joint position) (post central gyrus). |
| Visual Association Area | Lobe: Occipital Lobe Function: Shares visual information. |
| PreMotor Cortex | Lobe: Frontal Lobe Function: Preparation for movement and planning/organizing learned skills/activities. |
| Primary Olfactory Cortex | Lobe: Temporal Lobe Function: Provides conscious awareness of smell |
| Primary Gustatory Cortex | Lobe: Insula Function: processes taste information |
| Which layer of the meninges is actually in contact with the brain? | Pia Mater |
| What is meningitis? | Meningitis is an infection and inflammation of the fluid and membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord |
| True or False: The Medulla helps to regulate the respiratory rate. | True |
| Name, Type, and Function of Cranial Nerve VI | Abducens, Motor, Lateral Eye Movement |
| Name, Type, and Function of Cranial Nerve VII | Facial, Motor, Facial Expression and Taste (2/3; anterior tounge) |
| You’re having issues with the proper release of hormones from some of your endocrine glands. Which region of the diencephalon is most likely involved? | Hypothalamus |
| You’ve lost the ability to control the muscles of mastication. Which cranial nerve is most likely involved? | Trigeminal (VI) |
| List the three regions of the Diencephalon | Thalamus Hypothalamus Epithalamus |
| List the functions of the Thalamus | Major relay station for most sensory inpulses from the SC, pain perception, transmigts motor info from cerebellum to cerebrum, relays nerve impulses |
| List all the functions of the Hypothalamus | Control of ANS, produces hormones and connects w/the pituitary gland |
| List the functions of the Pineal Gland | Secretes melatonin (helps with circadian rhythm). |
| What is the neurotransmitter that is released from deep nuclei in the brain that is associated with Parkinson’s Disease? | Dopamine |
| Which lobe is the Visual Association Area located? | Occipital Lobe |
| True or False: The Medulla helps coordinate voluntary movement of skeletal muscle. | False; medulla controls involuntary movement |
| Which ventricle is located in the region of the Diencephalon? | Diencephalon |
| Name, Type, and Function of Cranial Nerve IX | Glossopharyngeal, Motor and Sensory, Swallowing, Taste (Posterior 1/3 of tounge) |
| Which region of the diencephalon is the major control center for the endocrine and ANS? | Hypothalamus |
| You’ve damaged the cranial nerve that carries sensory information from the inner ear for hearing. Which nerve is this? | Vestibulocochlear (VIII) |
| List the regions of the brainstem from superior to inferior | Midbrain (tectal plate) Pons Medulla Oblongata |
| What is the function of the superior colliculus? | Visual Tracking |
| What is the function of the inferior colliculus? | Auditory Tracking |
| List the functions of the Pons | relays messages from the cortex to the cerebellum; facial sensitivity; REM sleep and dreams |
| List the functions of the Medulla | Regulates breathing, heart rate, digestion and sleeping. Regulates muscle tone and movement, Responsible for initiating reflexes (vomiting, swallowing, gagging, coughing, sneezing, hiccuping) |
| Which lobe contains the Primary Somato-Sensory Cortex? | Parietal Lobe |
| True or False: The Hypothalamus is the major relay center for all sensory information in the brain. | False |
| Name, Type, and Function of Cranial Nerve X | Vagus, Motor and Sensory, Motor to smooth and cardiac mm/ glands; Sensory for organs |
| You’ve damaged the Cranial Nerve that carries sensory information from the eye. Which nerve is this? | Optic (II) |
| List the functions of the cerebellum | cordinates and fine-tunes skeletal muscle movements. Stores memories of previously learend movement patterns, adjusts skeletal muscle activity, receives sensory info from muscles and joints |
| How many lateral ventricles are in the brain? | Two |
| Which lobe contains Broca’s Area? | Frontal lobe |
| True or False. The medulla helps to regulate our blood pressure. | True |
| Name, Type, and Function of Cranial Nerve XI | Spinal Accessory, Motor, Moves Trapezius and SCM |
| Name, Type, and Function of Cranial Nerve XII | Hypoglossal, Motor, Moves tongue muscles |
| Which part of the brainstem is where the “decussation" | Medulla Oblongata |
| If you damage the lobe of your brain that helps you with your hearing, which lobe is most likely affected? | Temporal Lobe |
| Which layer of the meninges literally translates into “tough mother”? | Dura Mater |
| What are the general functions of the Limbic System? | Emotional regulation Memory regulation Sexual stimulation Learning |
| Which structure of the Diencephalon is the major relay center for all sensory information? | Thalamus |
| You’ve lost motor information to the muscles of facial expression. Which cranial nerve is most likely involved? | Facial (XII) |
| You’ve lost the ability to perceive pressure and touch sensation from your skin. Which region of your brain is most likely involved? | Parietal Lobe |
| Which level does the spinal cord end | The spinal cord ends at L1-2 |
| What is the name of the “V” shaped structure when the spinal cord ends? | CONUS MEDULLARIS |
| How many pairs of spinal nerves are there? | 31 PAIRS OF SPINAL NERVES |
| Do the spinal nerves carry sensory only, motor only or both? | Both |
| Does the dorsal horn carry sensory or motor information? | SENSORY INFO |
| Does the ventral horn carry sensory or motor information? | MOTOR INFO |
| List the three layers of meninges from external to internal that surround the cord. | DURA MATER ARACHNOID MATER PIA MATER |
| What is the clinical significance of the epidural space in the spinal cord? | HELPS ABSORB SHOCK |
| On a cross section of the spinal cord, is the grey matter on the outside or inside of the cord? | Inside |
| Which region of grey matter in the spinal cord would carry information regarding motor function to the skeletal muscles? | ANTERIOR HORN |
| What are the levels of the Sacral Plexus? | L4, L5, S1, S2, S3, and S4 (L5-S4) |
| What is the function of the Ulnar nerve of the Brachial Plexus? | PROVIDE MOTOR INNERVATION TO THE ANTERIOR FOREARM |
| Which division of the ANS would cause the digestive system to increase the ability of digestion? | PARASYMPATHETIC DIVISION OF THE ANS |
| DORSAL ROOT GANGLION | contains cell bodies of sensory neurons |
| POSTERIOR ROOT | Sensory info |
| POSTERIOR HORN | Contains sensory info |
| CENTRAL CANAL | cerebral spinal fluid travels through the central canal |
| ANTERIOR ROOT | motor info |
| ANTERIOR HORN | contains motor info |
| GRAY COMMISURE | Connects both lateral horns |
| LATERAL GREY HORN | Autonomic motor info |
| If your body needed to slow down your heart rate, would this be carried out by the sympathetic or parasympathetic division of the ANS? | PARASYMPATHETIC DIVISION |
| Which plexus is from spinal levels C1-4? | CERVICAL. |
| Function of Dorsal Horn | Contains axons of sensory neurons and cells bodies of interneurons. Sensory nuclei Carry SOMATIC AND VISCERAL SENSORY nuclei and visceral sensory nuclei |
| Function of Lateral Horn | Contains AUTONOMIC MOTOR INFO nuclei in lateral horns Only from L1-L5 |
| Function of Ventral Horn | Motor nuclei Contains SOMATIC MOTOR INFO |
| Where are the cell bodies of sensory neurons located? | DORSAL ROOT GANGLIA. |
| Would a motor tract in the spinal cord be ascending or descending? | DESCENDING |
| List the levels of the Cervical Plexus | Levels: C1-C4 (C1, C2, C3, C4) |
| What is the function of the Phrenic nerve? | INNVERVATES THE DIAPHRAGM. |
| Which division of the ANS is known as the “rest and digest” division? | PARASYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM. |
| Which spinal cord tract controls the axial muscles? | ANTERIOR CORTICOSPINAL TRACT |
| What information is in the dorsal root? | SENSORY INFORMATION ABOUT STIMULI (pain, torch, vibration, proprioception, temperature) FROM PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM TO CNS. |
| What information is in the Ventral Root? | Motor axons Carries MOTOR INFORMATION FROM SPINAL CORD TO REST OF BODY |
| What is in the Dorsal Root Ganglion | Contains CELL BODIES OF SENSORY NEURONS |
| What information does a spinal nerve carry? | BOTH SENSORY AND MOTOR INFO |
| Would a sensory tract in the spinal cord be ascending or descending? | ASCENDING |
| Which specific sensory tract in the spinal cord carries information regarding pain and temperature? | LATERAL SPINOTHALAMIC TRACT |
| What are the levels of the Brachial Plexus? | C5, C6, C7, C8, T1 |
| What is the function of the Median nerve | CONTROLS THE ANTERIOR FOREARM MUSCLES AND DIGITS 1-3 |
| Which division of the ANS is known as the “fight or flight” division? | SYMPATHETIC DIVISION OF THE ANS |
| What is the neurotransmitter that both the sympathetic and parasympathetic system release from the pre-ganglionic axon? | ACETYLCHOLINE |
| What information is carried in an ascending tract? | SENSORY INFO |
| What information is carried in a descending tract? | MOTOR INFO |
| How many neurons are in a typical sensory tract? | 3 NEURONS IN A SENSORY TRACT |
| How many neurons in a typical motor tract? | 2 NEURONS |
| What are the three regions of the white matter in the spinal cord? | DORSAL COLUMN/ FUNICULUS LATERAL COLUMN/ FUNICULUS VENTRAL COLUMN/ FUNICULUS |
| Which nerve of the brachial plexus innervated the muscles of the posterior forearm? | RADIAL NERVE |
| Which division of the ANS would cause the heart rate to increase? Which neurotransmitter is released on the heart to cause this reaction? | SYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM NOREPINEPHRINE |
| Which cranial nerve controls around 75% of parasympathetic function? | VAGUS NERVE |
| List the effect the Sympathetic Nervous system would have on the following: | Increases heart rate, blood pressure, blood vessels, sweating. Dilates pupils and bronchi Relaxes bladder and inhibits digestion |
| List the Effect the Parasympathetic Nervous System would have on the following: | Decreases heart rate, blood pressure, sweating Constricts bronchi and pupil Stimulates digestion, contracts bladder, increases sexual arousal |
| Which region of grey matter of the spinal cord carries information regarding sensory information from the skin? | DORSAL HORN |
| What are the levels of the Femoral Plexus? | L1-L4 |
| What is the function of the Femoral nerve? | CONTROLS THE ANTERIOR THIGH MUSCLES |
| How many neurons are found in an autonomic motor pathway? | 2 NEURONS IN AN AUTONOMIC MOTOR PATHWAY |
| What is another name for the Sympathetic Nervous system? | FIGHT OR FLIGHT |
| What is another name for the Parasympathetic nervous system? | REST AND DIGEST |
| What neurotransmitter is released from the motor preganglionic axon in the autonomic chain of the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system? | ACETYLCHOLINE |
| What neurotransmitter is released from the motor postganglionic axon at the effector of the sympathetic nervous system? | NOREPINEPHRINE |
| What neurotransmitter is released from the motor postganglionic axon at the effector of the parasympathetic nervous system? | ACETYLCHOLINE |
| Which axon is myelinated? Pre-ganglionic or Post-ganglionic? | PRE-GANGLIONIC AXON |
| Which has a smaller diameter? Preganglionic or Postganglionic | POST-GANGLIONIC AXON |
| What is the function of the Ulnar nerve from the Brachial Plexus? | CONTROLS THE MUSCLES IN THE ANTERIOR FOREARM AND DIGITS 4-5 |
| Which division of the ANS causes dilation of the pupils? | SYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM |
| Which spinal cord motor tract controls the appendicular muscles? | LATERAL CORTICOSPINAL TRACT (Lateral=limbs) (Anterior=axial) |
| How many neurons are usually involved in a sensory tract pathway? | Three neurons |
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