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Anaesthetics drugs
Sir Sambo
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Define Anaesthesia | A medical practice that involves the administration-of drugs or other techniques to induce a temporary loss of sensation or consciousness , amnesia ( memory loss ) . |
| Anaesthetist | Is a medical doctor who focus on providing Anaesthesia to patients undergoing surgical procedure or other medical interventions |
| Anaesthetics | The drugs or the medication that are used to induce Anaesthesia or a state of insensitivity to pain during medical procedure or surgery |
| Anaesthetic | This are refer to the drug, pack , machines or technichians |
| ___ is a procedure that induce , reversable loss of consciousness , amnesia ( memory loss) analgesic with or without muscles relaxation | Anaesthesia |
| Drugs used in anesthesia | 1. Premedical 2. Induction drugs 3. Mytratic 4. Amnesia drugs 5. Analgesics 6. Muscles relaxant 7. Adjunct 8. Reversal drugs 9. Local Anaesthetics drugs |
| ____ is A medical practice that involves the administration-of drugs or other techniques to induce a temporary loss of sensation or consciousness | Anaesthesia |
| The three main types of Anaesthesia are | 1. General Anaesthesia 2. Regional Anaesthesia 3. Local Anaesthesia |
| General Anaesthesia | A form of anesthesia that used for surgeries and procedures that the patient is to be unconscious |
| kind of Anaesthesia that It involves the administration of medicines that induce a state of deep sleep and completes loss of sensation is called | General Anaesthesia |
| The three types of general Anaesthesia | 1. General Anaesthesia with endotracheal tube ( ETT) 2. General Anaesthesia with face mask 3. General Anaesthesia without facemask |
| General Anaesthesia with endotracheal tube | This involve the insertion of a flexible tube Plastic tube called endotracheal tube into a patient trachea ( windpipe ) to maintain an open airway and facilitate mechanical ventilation during surgery |
| The administration without the used of face mask to delivered an anaesththetics agent intravenously, either through a needle or catheter place in a vein , to induce and maintain a state of unconsciousness | General Anaesthetic without face mask |
| The patient breathes a carefully control mix of Anaesthetic gases and oxygen through a mask rather than having an endotracheal | General Anaesthetic with face mask |
| Things that need to be done doing general Anaesthesia | Vitals signs should be taking Blood pressure Temperature Pulse Respiration should be monitored and the patient must required assistance with breathing exercises through a tube inserted into the airway |
| What are local Anaesthesia drugs | They are medication used to induce a reversible loss of sensation in a specific area of the body , without causing the patient to lose consciousness |
| Types of local Anaesthetic drugs are | 1. Local infiltration ( direct on the injured ) 2. Biors block 3. Field block 4. Spinal 5. Axillary block 6. Epidural block 7. Ring block |
| Local infiltration anesthetics | Involve the direct administrative of a local anesthetics agent via injection into specific area of the body where the procedure or surgery is being performed |
| ___ refer to a technique of administering local anesthetic to a specific area or region of the body , often in proximity to a surgical site, to provide pain relief during surgey | Field block |
| A type of Anaesthesia that involve numbing a specific region or area of the body. typically by injecting local Anaesthesia near the nerve that supply that area | Regional Anaesthesia |
| The two main types of Regional Anaesthesia are | 1. Spinal regional Anaesthesia 2. Epidural Anaesthesia |
| A type of regional Anaesthesia that injecting into the fluid-filled space surrounding the spinal cord resulting in numbness and loss of sensation in the ower back is called | Spinal Anaesthesia |
| Atype of Anaesthesia that injected, just outside the membrane that covered the spinal cord | Epidural Anaesthesia |
| involves the injection or topical application of an anesthetic drug to numb a specific small area of the body. | Local Anaesthesia |
| What type of Anaesthesia is commonly used for minor surgical procedures, dental work, or dermatology procedure | Local Anaesthesia |
| Example of local Anaesthesia drugs are | 1. Lignocaine or lidocaine xylocaine) 2. Bupivacaine |
| What are premedical or premedication drugs | They are medication givens in advance of a medication procedure or surgery to achieve several goals such as anxiety , promoting relaxation , and preventing or managing pain |
| Examples of premedicals drugs are | A. anxiolytic or transquilizer B. Anticholinergics drugs C. Metoclopronide |
| What are tranquilizer drugs | They are also called sedative or anxiolytic drugs they are medication that are used to reduce anxiety and promote relaxation |
| Examples of transquilizersdrugs are | 1. Benzodiazepines 2. Non-benzodiazepines 3. Barbiturate 4. Antihistamine |
| Benzodiazepines drugs | Drugs that are commonly prescribed for anxiety , panic panic disorder and insomnia |
| Examples of benzodiazepines drugs are | Midazolam and diazepam |
| Family/group of midazolam in | Benzodiazepines |
| Indication of midazolam | - sedation - reduce anxiety - induction of Anaesthesia - premedical - convulsion - anxiolytic ( reduce anxiety ) - amnesia ( memory loss ) |
| Mode of action | |
| Contraindications of midazolam | 1. Hypersensitivity to benzodiazepine 2. It also contraindicated in close angle glaucoma |
| Side effect of midazolam | 1. Respiratory depression 2. Transcient apnoea 3. Cardiac arrest 4. Anaphylactoid |
| Dosage of midazolam | - 0.05mg/kg for adult and 0.5mg/kg Adult is 0. 05¥70 Kg =3.5 |
| Nursing responsibilities | 1. Checks vital signs 2. Screen patient folder for apnoea 3. Make available oxygen for apnoea 4. Resuscitation equipment 5. Monitor patient closely 6. Advises patient not to drive alone for duration of 2 hours |
| Group /family of diazepam | Benzodiazepines |
| Indication of diazepam | The same with midazolam |
| Dosage of diazepam | 2mg-10mg and Valium comes in volumes I.e5mg |
| Contraindications of diazepam drugs | 1. CNS depress 2. Respiratory depression 3. Sleep apnoea 4. Hepatic impairment |
| Side effect of diazepam | 1. Drowsiness 2. Sedation 3. Confusion 4. Vertiligo 5. Amnesia 6. Ataxia 7. Hypotension Bradycardia |
| Nursing responsibilities of diazepam drugs | 1. Patients should not do heavy tax for 24 hours |
| Cholinergic | Relax muscle and produce secretion |
| ___ inhibit the action of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine | Anticholinergic |
| Drugs that stop the activity of the muscular effect of acetylcholine ( produce secretion ) | Anticholinergic |
| Example of acetacholinergic | A. Atropine and Glycopyrulate |
| Family or group of atropine drug | Anticholinergic drugs |
| Indication of atropine drugs | 1. Premeditation against muscarine. Affect or against secretion and bradycardia 2. Cyclopegia ( dilate eye ) 3. Mydrasis ( dries secretion ) 4. Asthmatic effect |
| Dosage of atropine drug | 0.01mg/kg . Ampule come in 0.6mg |
| Side effect of atropine drugs | 1. Tachycardia 2. Intracranial pressure 3. Intraocular pressure 4. Dry mouth |
| Contraindication of atropine drugs | 1. Close angles glaucoma 2. Head injury 3. High blood pressure 4. Tachycardia 5. Intracranial pressure |
| Nursing responsibilities used the side effect | |
| Dosage of glycopyrulate | 0.004mg/kg |
| Group of metoclopramide | Premedical group |
| Indication of metoclopramide | - stop vomiting by inhibiting histamine - it stimulate a faster peristalsis |
| What are volatile Anaesthetics agent | They are agent inhale as a gas or vapor , leading to a state of reversible unconsciousness, muscle relaxation , and analgesia or they are vaporized into oxygen for patients to breath in |
| Examples of volatile anaesthetic agent are | 1. Halothane 2. Isoflurane 3. Destflurane 4. Sevoflurane 5. Enflurane |
| -observe the vital signs especially blood pressure - observe patient for manifestion of liver disease to ensure suitable for surgery | |
| Indication or clinical used of halothane | For induction and maintenance of Anaesthesia |
| Dosage of halothane | Induction up to 4% maintenance dose is 0.5-2.5% |
| Contraindications of halothane | 1. Jaundice after previous used 2. Liver dysfunction 3. Frequent repeated anaesthetic |
| Side effect of halothane | 1. Hypertension 2. Respiratory depression 3. Central vasomotor depression 4. Bradycardia 5. Myocardial depression 6. Postpartum hemorrhage 7. Nausea and vomiting |
| 3 important properties of halothane drugs | 1. The boiling point ( heat required for the anaesthetic agent to vaporized e.g halothane at 50C 2. Blood /gas solubility (2.4) is the rate at which a age soluble in the blood I.e absorb 3. Minimum alveolar concentration ( MAC 0.75) |
| ___ is the minimum of amount of a gas that will be in the alveolar of a patient at which 50% of people will sleep | Minimum alveolar concentration |
| Minimum alveola concentration ( MAC) for halothane is | 0.75 |
| Isoflurane | - it more stable and than halothane - it has a shorter recovery time it more preferable cause - it has less hangover effect - |
| The 3 property of volatile | 1. Boiling point is 48C ( less heat to evaporate) 2. Blood /gas solubility’s of 1.4 3. MAC is 1.2 ( more effect that. Halothane ) |
| Side effect of | - respiratory depress but minimal - cardiac depression (mild ) because it cardio stable than halothane |
| Indication of Isoflurane | For induction of Anaesthesia and muscle relaxation, caesarean section |
| Dosage of Isoflurane | 0.5 - 3% in oxygen or Nitrous oxide-Oxygen using a specifically calibrated vapouriser. Maintenance dose is 1 - 2.5% in Nitrous oxide-oxygen. An additional 0.5 - 1% may be required when given with Oxygen alone. |
| Dosage of Isoflurane for ceasarean | For caesarean section = 0.5 - 0.75% in Nitrous oxide-oxygen. |
| Route of administration n be of Isoflurane | Inhalation |
| Side effects of Isoflurane | - Tachycardia in younger patients - respiratory depression - Hepatotoxicity. |
| Contraindication of Isoflurane | - Susceptibility to Malignant hyperthermia - Hepatic impairment. |
| Nursing responsibilities of Isoflurane | (1) Observe vital signs since Isoflurane can cause a fall in systemic arterial pressure. (2) Don't administer to patients who are sensitive to halogenated anaesthetics, since Isoflurane can cause Hepatotoxicity. |
| Mention 2 examples of I.V anaesthetic agent | 1. Ketamine 2. Propofol |
| Group /family of ketamine in | Phenycyclidine derivate |
| The medicine ketamine | - it does not depress the respiration and no muscular depression such as respiratory muscle and cardiac - it increase blood pressure so give premedical ( midazolam) before giving ketamine - causes talkactiveness - antidode for ketamine is diazepam |
| To stop the side effect - vivid dream - hallucination and delirium | |
| Indication of ketamine drugs | Induction and maintenance of Anaesthesia |
| Dosage of ketamine | 1-2mg/kg for children |
| Dosage of ketamine for adult | Adult 1mg x 70kg =70 approximately 100mg/kg |
| Contraindication of ketamine | - hypertension - psychiatric disturbances - premchamsia ( pre-enclampsia ) - thyroid toxicosis |
| Side effect of ketamine | - increase salivation - talkativeness - Muslims ache toning -unpleasant dream - emergency delirium |
| Route of administration of ketamine drugs | - Intramuscularly - Intravenously. |
| Family propofol in | Alkylphenol |
| Mode of action of propofol | - it does not have preservatives I.e short acting time and no hangover effect - the drugs cause hypnotic |
| Indication of propofol drug | For induction and maintenance of Anaesthesia sedation |
| Contraindication of propofol | Hypersensitivity reaction to propofol |
| Dosage of propofol | 2.5mg/kg |
| Side effect of propofol | - bradycardia - respiratory depression and - hypotension |
| Nursing mangement of propofol | 1. Manage respiratory depression by giving pass oropharyngeal tube to open airway or intubate 2. Bradycardia management 3. Hypotension nursing management |
| Example of strong analgesic drug | - Morphine - pethadine |
| Family of drug morphine in | Narcotic opioid |
| Indication of morphine drug | For severe pain |
| Dose of morphine drug | 0.15mg/kg |
| Contraindications of morphine | - respiratory depression - acute alcoholism - raised intracranial pressures ( head injury) - intraoculare pressure - head injury - asthma patient |
| Which family of drug pethadine in | Synthetic narcotic |
| Indication of of pethadine | Severe pain |
| Dose of pethadine | 1.5mg/kg |
| Contraindication of pethadine | 1. Obstructive airway disease ( respiratory depression ) 2. Respiratory depression |
| Side effect of pethadine | - Vertigo - nausea and vomiting - constipation - drowsiness |
| Side effect of pethadine | 1. Euphoria 2. Dizzinesss 3. Light headache 4. N & g 5. Visuals disturbance 6. Constipation 7. Respiratory depression |
| Nursing responsibilities in used of pethadine drug | |
| Examples of moderate analgesic agent | - tramadol - pentazocine |
| Family of drugs tramadol in | Synthetic opioid |
| Indication of tramadol | Moderate pain |
| Dose of tramadol drug | 50-00mg |
| Contraindication of tramadol drug | Don’t give - acute alcohol patients - hypnotic - pregnant woman and lactating mothers - hypersensitive to tramadol |
| Side effect t of tramadol drug | - euphoria ( hyness ) - drowsiness - dry mouth - hypnosis - sedation - nauseas - headache Sweating - somnoloness - asthma - restlessness - convulsion - palpitation - respiratory depression |
| Indication of pentazocine | Moderate pain |
| Dose of pentazocine | 30mg |
| Contraindication of pentazocine | - addiction tenderness - narcotic dependance - headache - raise intracranial pressure - N & v - sedation - constipation - drowsiness |
| Examples of mild to moderate analgesic drug | - diclofenac - paracetamol |
| Which family of drug diclofenac in | No -steroid anti- inflammatory drug |
| Indication of diclofenac drug | - Mild to moderate pain - anti- inflammatory effect - degenerative rheumatism |
| Dose of diclofenac drug | 75 mg ( I.m ) |
| Contraindication of diclofenac | - ulcer ( peptic ulcer ) - pregnant - lactating mother - hypersensitivity reaction to acetysalicitic acid ( aspirin ) - asthmatic attack - acute rhinitis ( running nose ) |
| Side effect of diclofenac drug | - GIT upset - abdominal pain - eruction - nausea - diarrhea - headache |
| Indication of paracetamols | - Headache , high fever |
| Dose for |
Created by:
Faith111