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AP Psych Quiz #8
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Albert Ellis opinion of psychological issues: | underlying thoughts and beliefs are what cause emotional problems for individuals. |
| Aaron Beck on Treatment | helped patients correct negative information processing biases |
| deviant | a person who breaks significant societal or group norms, a set of actions or individual actions that violate social and psychological, moral norms, rules and principles adopted in the society; |
| distress | a state of emotional suffering characterized by symptoms of depression and anxiety, negative stress |
| Dysfunction | the failure of some brain or psychological mechanism to perform its naturally designed function. |
| DSM | Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders |
| Anxiety Disorder | psychological disorders characterized by distressing, persistent anxiety or behaviors that reduce anxiety, excessive worrying that interfere with daily life |
| Specific phobia | a disorder that involves an irrational fear of a particular object or situation that markedly interferes with an individual's ability to function. It poses little or no actual danger. |
| agoraphobia | the anxiety that occurs when one is in a public or crowded spaces, from which a potential escape is difficult, or help may not be readily available. |
| Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD): | a disorder characterized by chronic excessive worry accompanied by three or more of the following symptoms: restlessness, fatigue, concentration problems, irritability, muscle tension, and sleep disturbance |
| panic disorder | An anxiety disorder marked by unpredictable minutes-long episodes of intense dread (panic attacks) experiences terror and accompanying chest pain, choking, or other frightening sensations. |
| somatic symptoms disorder | when a person has a significant focus on physical symptoms, such as pain, weakness or shortness of breath, to a level that results in major distress and/or problems functioning. |
| conversion disorder | a disorder in which a person experiences very specific genuine physical symptoms for which no physiological basis can be found. affecting sensory and motor functions |
| dissociative disorders | mental health conditions that involve experiencing a loss of connection between thoughts, memories, feelings, surroundings, behavior and identity |
| psychogenic amnesia | loss of memory and impairment to learning resulting from repression of psychological, emotional trauma or damage. not from a physical cause |
| dissociative identity disorder | A rare dissociative disorder in which a person exhibits two or more distinct and alternating personalities. Also called multiple personality disorder. |
| major depressive disorder | mood disorder in which a person experiences without drugs/ medical condition for 2+ weeks of significantly depressed moods, feelings of worthlessness, and diminished interest or pleasure in most activities. |
| seasonal affective disorder | Where a person experiences depression during winter months and improved mood during spring. Can be treated using phototherapy, using bright light and high levels of negative ions. |
| bipolar disorder | mood disorder where the person alternates between the hopelessness and lethargy of depression and the overexcited state of mania. diff energy, activity, concentration level. |
| cognitive triad | Aaron T. Beck's theory that depression may result from a tendency to think negatively about three areas: the self, the immediate world, and the future |
| learned helplessness | when an individual continuously faces a negative, uncontrollable situation and stops trying to change their circumstances, even when they have the ability to do so |
| delusions of persecutions | when you're convinced that someone is mistreating, conspiring against, or planning to harm you or your loved one. someones out to get you |
| delusions of grandeur | a person's belief that they are someone other than who they are, such as a supernatural figure or a celebrity |
| Hallucinations | false sensory experiences, such as seeing something in the absence of an external visual stimulus |
| disorganized language | Involves neologisms and clang associations |
| neologisms | when people make up their own words |
| clang associations | when people string together a series of nonsense words that rhyme |
| inappropriate or flat affect | having an inappropriate or lack of reaction to troubling news/certain situations |
| catatonia | a state of unresponsiveness to one's outside environment, usually including muscle rigidity, staring, and inability to communicate |
| waxy flexibility | specific symptom of catatonia, refers to the patient's body showing resistance to being moved. |
| dopamine hypothesis | the idea that schizophrenia involves an excess of dopamine activity |
| schizophrenic disorders | a class of disorders marked by delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, and deterioration of adaptive behavior |
| tardive dyskinesia | involuntary movements of the facial muscles, tongue, and limbs; a possible neurotoxic side effect of long-term use of antipsychotic drugs that target certain dopamine receptors |
| double bind | a psychological predicament in which a person receives from a single source conflicting messages that allow no appropriate response to be made. |
| diathesis stress model | a diagnostic model that proposes that a disorder may develop when an underlying vulnerability is coupled with a precipitating event |
| personality disorders | psychological disorders characterized by inflexible and enduring behavior patterns that impair social functioning |
| antisocial personality disorder | A personality disorder in which the person (usually a man) exhibits a lack of conscience for wrongdoing, even toward friends and family members. May be aggressive and ruthless or a clever con artist. |
| Dependent Personality Disorder: | A personality disorder characterized by a pattern of clinging and obedience, fear of separation, and an ongoing need to be taken care of. |
| Paranoid Personality Disorder: | a personality disorder marked by a pattern of distrust and suspiciousness of others without a said cause |
| Narcissistic Personality Disorder: | characterized by a grandiose sense of self-importance, a preoccupation with fantasies of success or power, and a need for constant attention or admiration |
| Histrionic Personality Disorder | a personality disorder characterized by excessive emotionality and preoccupation with being the center of attention; emotional shallowness; overly dramatic behavior |
| borderline Personality Disorder | a personality disorder characterized by lack of stability in interpersonal relationships, self-image, and emotion; impulsivity; angry outbursts; intense fear of abandonment; recurring suicidal gestures |
| Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder | a chronic condition in which a person demonstrates an excessive focus on details, order and rules, and the need to achieve a perfect outcome, often in a way that interferes with daily life. |
| post traumatic stress disorder | an anxiety disorder characterized by haunting memories, nightmares, social withdrawal, jumpy anxiety, and/or insomnia that lingers for four weeks or more after a traumatic experience |
| paraphilia or psycho-sexual disorder | marked by the sexual attraction to an object, person, or activity not usually seen as sexual |
| Anorexia Nervosa | An eating disorder characterized by an obstinate and willful refusal to eat, a distorted body image, and an intense fear of being fat |
| Bullimia | This condition involves episodes of binge eating followed by purging to prevent weight gain |
| Autism spectrum disorder | a disorder that appears in childhood and is marked by significant deficiencies in communication and social interaction, and by rigidly fixated interests and repetitive behaviors |
| Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder | a psychological disorder marked by the appearance by age 7 of one or more of three key symptoms: extreme inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity |
| dementia | a slowly progressive decline in mental abilities, including memory, thinking, and judgment, that is often accompanied by personality changes |
| ego-dystonic | negative assessment that the subject makes of their thoughts or emotions, in the context of a conserved state of consciousness, as well as other aspects of their social and intrapersonal life that are relatively intact. they find it bothersome |
| egosyntonic | the individual perceives her behavior as correct, normal, or in harmony with her goals |
| Trephining | a surgical method from the Stone Age in which part of the skull was chipped away to provide an opening through which an evil spirit could escape |
| Deinstitutionalization | 1960s and 1970s governmental policy that focused on releasing hospitalized psychiatric patients into the community and closing mental hospitals |
| prevention | taking steps to keep something from happening or getting worse |
| psychotherapy | (talk therapy) a variety of treatments that aim to help a person identify and change troubling emotions, thoughts, and behaviors. |
| psychoanalysis | Freud's theory of personality that attributes thoughts and actions to unconscious motives & conflicts; the techniques used in treating psychological disorders by seeking to expose and interpret unconscious tensions. the conscious and unconscious mind |
| free association | in psychoanalysis: method of exploring the unconscious where the person relaxes and says whatever comes to mind, no matter how trivial or embarrassing. allows the patient to discuss thoughts, dreams, memories, or words, regardless of coherency |
| dream analysis | A psychoanalytic technique in which the therapist interprets the symbolic meaning of the client's dreams. |
| manifest content | Freud: remembered story line of a dream (as distinct from its latent, or hidden, content) and the actual images, thoughts, and content contained within the dream |
| latent content | Freud: the symbolic meaning of a dream that lies behind the literal content of the dream |
| resistance | the opposition of the therapy process in which a client refuses or rejects suggestions made by a psychologist. |
| Transference: | in psychoanalysis, when someone redirects their feelings about one person onto someone else |
| insight therapies | a variety of therapies that aim to improve psychological functioning by increasing a person's awareness of underlying motives and defenses |
| psychodynamic | how behavior springs from unconscious drives and conflicts |
| humanistic therapies | therapies that emphasize the development of human potential and the belief that human nature is basically positive |
| Client or Person-Centered Therapy | Nondirectional form of therapy developed by Carl Rogers that calls for unconditional positive regard of the client by the therapist with the goal of helping the client become fully functioning |
| UPR (Unconditional Positive regard) | Rogers' theory of total acceptance towards another person. expressing empathy, support, and acceptance to someone, regardless of what they say or do. |
| Active or Reflective Listening | therapists listen carefully and then reflect/mirror back the feelings expressed by clients to help clarify the feelings for the client |
| gestalt therapy | a form of psychotherapy that is centered on increasing a person's awareness, freedom, and self-direction, feelings. focuses on the present moment rather than past experiences. has leading questions and role-playing |
| existential therapy | a form of talk therapy that encourages clients to accept responsibility for their lives and to live with greater meaning and value and how you understand how you fit into the world. |
| behaviorist therapies | therapy that applies learning principles to the elimination of unwanted behaviors |
| counterconditioning | involves the conditioning of an unwanted behavior or response to a stimulus into a wanted behavior or response by the association of positive actions with the stimulus. |
| Systematic Desensitization | A type of exposure therapy that associates a pleasant relaxed state with gradually increasing anxiety-triggering stimuli. Commonly used to treat phobias. |
| Anxiety Hierarchy | constructed by patient in which feared situations are arranged from least to most anxiety provoking; used to set sequence for therapy, shows the target behavior and the degrees of anxiety. |
| flooding | a treatment for phobias in which clients are exposed repeatedly and intensively to a feared object and made to see that it is actually harmless |
| Aversive Conditioning | a type of counterconditioning that associates an unpleasant state (such as nausea) with an unwanted behavior (such as drinking alcohol) |
| token economy | an operant conditioning procedure in which people earn a token of some sort for exhibiting a desired behavior and can later exchange the tokens for various privileges or treats |
| cognitive therapies | a form of psychotherapy that focuses on modifying dysfunctional emotions, behaviors, and thoughts by interrogating and uprooting negative or irrational beliefs. |
| Attributional Style | a person's characteristic way of explaining outcomes of events in his or her life |
| Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT): | action therapy in which the goal is to help clients overcome problems by learning to think more rationally and logically. behavioral and cognitive therapies combined |
| Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT) | cognitive-behavioral therapy in which clients are directly challenged in their irrational beliefs and helped to restructure their thinking into more rational belief statements by Albert Ellis |
| Group Therapy: | A form of psychotherapy that involves one or more therapists working simultaneously with a small group of clients. is beneficial for depression, anxiety, phobias, and gains different perspectives. |
| Somatic Therapies | Therapies that produce bodily changes. a therapy that aims to treat PTSD and other mental and emotional health issues through the connection of mind and body. |
| Psychopharmacology: | a field, which analyses the impact of different drugs on the mental health and behavior of patients |
| Antipsychotic Drugs | type of psychiatric medication which are available on prescription to treat psychosis like schizophrenia |
| Antidepressants: | a class of psychotropic medications used for the treatment of depression |
| Antianxiety Drugs | drugs used to treat and calm anxiety reactions, typically minor tranquilizers |
| Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT) | a biomedical therapy for severely depressed patients in which a brief electric current is sent through the brain of an anesthetized patient. Used to treat depression as the last resort to medication/etc |
| psychosurgery | surgery that removes or destroys brain tissue in an effort to change behavior |
| Psychiatrists: | a medical doctor (an M.D. or D.O.) who specializes in mental health, including substance use disorders. |
| Clinical Psychologists: | Psychologists who specialize in the diagnosis and treatment of psychological disorders and everyday behavioral problems. |
| Counseling Psychologists: | Psychologists who specialize in the treatment of everyday adjustment problems. helps with mental health issues, and challenges across a patients lifespan |
| Psychoanalysts: | a therapist who has undergone special training in psychoanalytic theory and practice and who applies to the treatment of mental disorders. schooled in Freudian tradition |
| Mood Stabilizers: | medications used in the treatment of bpd, where a person's mood changes from a depressed feeling to a high “manic” feeling or vice versa. These drugs can help reduce mood swings and prevent manic and depressive episodes. |
| psychopath | mentally ill or unstable person, especially one showing aggressive antisocial behavior |
| narcisistic | conceited; having excessive self-love or admiration, superiority |
| DID | a rare dissociative disorder in which a person exhibits two or more distinct and alternating personalities |
| Rosenhan Study | study in which healthy individuals were admitted into mental hospitals after saying they were hearing voices. Once in, they acted normally and still were not labeled as impostors. |
| general anxiety disorder GAD | an anxiety disorder in which a person is continually tense, apprehensive, and in a state of autonomic nervous system arousal |
| somatoform disorder | Psychological disorder in which the symptoms take a bodily form without apparent physical cause. |
| parasitic lifestyle | An intentional, manipulative, selfish, and exploitative financial dependence on others as reflected in a lack of motivation, low self-discipline, and inability to begin or complete responsibilities |
| biopychosocial model | perspective that asserts that biology, psychology, and social factors interact to determine an individual's health |
| revocation of release | A forensic client who has been granted a court-ordered release from a Division of Behavioral Health facility, |
| hallucinations | false sensory experiences, such as seeing something in the absence of an external visual stimulus |
| delusions | false beliefs, often of persecution or grandeur, that may accompany psychotic disorders |
| suicidal ideation | seriously having thoughts of death by suicide, thinking about or planning suicide, or making a suicide attempt |
| mania | a mood disorder marked by a hyperactive, wildly optimistic state |
| last part of rosenhans study | concluded that we cannot reliably distinguish the sane from the insane, and that hospitalisation and labelling can lead to depersonalisation, powerlessness and segregation which are counter-therapeutic. |
| Why can AGE be a complicating factor when diagnosing conditions such as depression? | older people have different symptoms and lower concentrations of folate in the blood and nervous system may contribute to depression, mental impairment, and dementia. |
| DSM-V-TR does NOT mention what? | it is a manual for assessment and diagnosis of mental disorders and does not include information or guidelines for treatment of any disorder. |
| dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia | argues that delusions, halucinations, and agitation associated with schizophrenia arise from either too much dopamine or from oversensitivity to dopamine in the brain |
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