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Anatomy ch.13
Review Objectives
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are the four protective structures of the spinal cord? | Vertebral Column, meningitis,epidural space, cerebrospinal fluid |
| What are the three layers of meninges seen around the spinal cord from superficial to deep? | Dura, arachnoid , pia |
| What substance fills the following Epidural and Subarachnoid space? | Epidural= fat(adipose tissue)Subarachnoid space= cerebrospinal fluid |
| Where does the spinal cord begin and end? | The spinal cord begins at the medulla oblongata and ends at about the second lumbar vertebra. |
| What is the conus medullaris? | It is a tapered portion at the bottom of the spinal cord. |
| What is the filum terminate? | The filum terminate is a single strand extension of connective tissue that provides longitudinal support to the spinal cord and extends the coccyx. |
| What is the cauda equina? | This is made up of the nerves that arise fromm the lower part of the cord, angle inferiouly in the vertebral canal and exit the vertebral column through intervertebral foramina at a lower point than where they exited the spinal cord. |
| Is the sensory nerve root of a spinal nerve on the anterior or posterior side of the spinal cord? | Posterior |
| Is the swelling(root ganglion) seen on the anterior or posterior nerve roots? | Posterior |
| How may pairs of spinal nerves exit the spinal cord? Identify the number from each area. | Total number of pairs:31, cervical-8, thoracic-12, Lumbar-5,Sacral-5, Coccygeal-1 |
| Does the 5th cervical spinal nerve exit the spinal canal above or below the pedicles of the 5th cervical vertebrae? | Above |
| Does the 5th thoracic spinal nerve exit the spinal canal above or below the pedicles of the 5th thoracic vertebrae? | below |
| Is the outside of the spinal cord composed of gray or white matter? | White |
| What are the divisions or regions of the grey matter and white matter called? | Gray matter -hornsWhite matter- columns |
| What are the two depressions found on the anterior and posterior surface of the spinal cord called? | Anterior surface-fissure,Posterior surface- sulcus |
| What is the region of gray matter that connects the right and left sides together called? | Gray commissure |
| What type of nerve impulse is transmitted inthe ascending tracts of the spinal cord? | Sensory |
| What type of nerve impulse is transmitted in the descending tracts of the spinal cord? | Motor |
| Do the ascending or descending tracts carry sensory information? | Ascending |
| Name the three layers of connective tissue associated with spinal nerves and describe their location. | Endoneurium-surrounds the axon of individual nerve fibers, Perinearium-surrounds bundles of nerve fibers called fasciles, Epineurium-covers entire nerve. |
| What is an extensive branching network of adjacent spinal nerves called? | Plexuses |
| Match Brachial plexus with nerves | Musculocutaneous nerve, Radial nerve, Ulnar nerve |
| Match Cervical Plexus with nerve | Phrenic nerve |
| Match Lumbar Plexus with nerve | Femoral nerve |
| Sacral Plexus with nerve | Sciatic nerve |
| What are dermatones? | Dermatomes are the specific regions of the skin surface monitored by a single pair of spinal nerves. Numbness in a specific area can indicate the specific spinal nerve or dorsal root damaged. |
| What are the two primary functions of the spinal cord? | Nerve Impulses, Integration of information |
| What is a reflex? | Fast, automatic response to environment change to maintain homeostasis and protect from injury. |
| What are the five functional parts or components of a reflex arc? | Sensory recepto, sensory nerve, integrating center, motor neuron, effector center |
| What is the primary purpose of a stretch reflex? | Allows muscle to contract with out change due to extensive stretching |
| what is the primary purpose of a crossed extensor reflex? | Maintains balance during withdrawal reflex on opposite side. |
| What is the primary purpose of a withdrawal reflex? | Allows movemeent of limb to avoid pain. |
| What is the difference between paraplegia and quadriplegia? | Paraplegia is paralysis of lower extremities only. Quadriplegia is paralysis of bothe upper and lower extremities. |
| What is paralysis on one side of the body called? | Hemiplegia |
| What is meningitis? | Meningitis is inflammation of the meninges that is usually due to bacterial or viral infection. |
| What is meninges? | Series of three coverings that run continuously around the spinal cord and brain. Dura mater,arachnoid mater,pia mater. |
| What is a vertebral column? | Vertebral column is a series of vertebrae that form a ring of bone surrounding the spinal cord. |
| What is dura mater? | It is the outermost layer,very tough,composed of dense connective tissue. |
| What is arachnoid mater? | This is the middle,avascular layer,named because of its spider's web arrangement of delicate collagen fibers. |
| What is pia mater? | This is the innermost layer, a thin transparent connective tissue layer that adheres to the surface of the spinal cord and brain. It contains many fine blood vessels that supply nutrients and oxygen to the brain and spinal cord. |
| Which layer of meniges is the middle layer and resmebles a spider web? | Arachnoid mater |
| The group of spinal nerves that exit the bottom of the spinal cord and resemble a horse tail are collectively called the_____. | Cauda equina |
| A reflex arc is a pathway a nerve signal follows. What is the second basic component of a reflex arc? | A sensory neuron |
| Which of the following is another tern used for a flexor reflex? | Withdrawal reflex |
| Which of the following nnerve plexuses(plexi) supplies the upper extremities? | Brachial plexus |
| The subarachnoid space is filled with adipose(fat) tissue. | False |
| The dorsal root ganglion is a bulge seen on the sensory root of a spinal nerve before it enters the spinal cord. | True |
| The connective tissue layer that covers the entire outer surface of a peripheral or cranial nerve is called the _______. | Epineurium |
| ________ are specific regions of the skin surface monitored by a single pair of spinal nerves. | Dermatones |
| The _____ nerve is the largest one in the body, exits the sacral plexus and supplies the posterior part of the thigh and leg. | Sciatic |
| Innate reflexes | Are genectically programmed and are present at birth.Moving the body to prevent injury or to withdraw from pain stimuli. |
| Acquired reflexes | Are learned behaviors that develop with practice, such as eye hand coordination needed to play tennis. |
| Spinal reflexes | Are those where the response originates in the spinal cord. |
| Cranial reflexes | Are those where the response originates in the brain stem. |
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