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Question

How do all viruses differ from bacteria?

Viruses are not composed of cells.
Viruses are filterable.
Viruses are obligate intracellular parasites.
Viruses do not have any nucleic acid.
Viruses do not reproduce.
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A feature that may be found in viruses but never in bacteria is

an ability to infect more than one type of host.
they cannot reproduce themselves outside a host.
the ability to pass through 0.22 micrometer pore filters.
may contain an RNA
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Chapter 13 Quiz MCB

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How do all viruses differ from bacteria? Viruses are not composed of cells. Viruses are filterable. Viruses are obligate intracellular parasites. Viruses do not have any nucleic acid. Viruses do not reproduce. Viruses are not composed of cells.
A feature that may be found in viruses but never in bacteria is an ability to infect more than one type of host. they cannot reproduce themselves outside a host. the ability to pass through 0.22 micrometer pore filters. may contain an RNA may contain an RNA genome.
Which of the following statements about viral spikes is FALSE? They may cause hemagglutination. They bind to receptors on the host cell surface. They are found only on nonenveloped viruses. They are used for attachment. They are compo They are found only on nonenveloped viruses.
Which of the following is NOT used as a criterion to classify viruses? biochemical tests size morphology nucleic acid number of capsomeres biochemical tests
Which of the following is NOT utilized to culture viruses? embryonated eggs animal cell cultures laboratory animals culture media bacterial cultures culture media
Bacteriophages and animal viruses do NOT differ significantly in which one of the following steps? release uncoating penetration attachment biosynthesis biosynthesis
The definition of lysogeny is when the burst time takes an unusually long time. attachment of a phage to a cell. phage DNA is incorporated into host cell DNA. lysis of the host cell due to a phage. the period during replication when v phage DNA is incorporated into host cell DNA.
A viroid is a(n) infectious protein. provirus. capsid without nucleic acid. complete, infectious virus particle. infectious piece of RNA without a capsid. infectious piece of RNA without a capsid.
Figure 13.1 In Figure 13.1, which structure is a complex virus? a b c d All of the structures are complex viruses. b
The morphological types of viruses illustrated in Figure 13.1 are ultimately determined by the nucleic acid.
A clear area against a confluent "lawn" of bacteria is called a rash. cell lysis. plaque. pock. phage. plaque.
Continuous cell lines differ from primary cell lines in that continuous cell lines always have to be re-isolated from animal tissues. viruses can be grown in continuous cell lines. continuous cell lines can be maintained through an indefini continuous cell lines can be maintained through an indefinite number of generations.
Which of the following is necessary for replication of a prion? lysozyme DNA polymerase DNA PrPSc RNA PrPSc
A persistent infection is one in which host cells are transformed. host cells are gradually lysed. the virus remains in equilibrium with the host without causing a disease. the disease process occurs gradually over a long period. vi the disease process occurs gradually over a long period.
An example of a persistent viral infection is Varicellavirus infection. Influenza. Herpes Simplex Virus infection. Hepatitis A infection. Human Immunodeficiency Virus infection. Varicellavirus infection.
Lysogeny can result in all of the following EXCEPT immunity to reinfection by the same phage. immunity to reinfection by any phage. acquisition of new characteristics by the host cell. specialized transduction. phage conversion. immunity to reinfection by any phage.
Which of the following would be the first step in biosynthesis of a virus with a - (minus) strand of RNA? synthesis of double-stranded RNA from a DNA template transcription of mRNA from DNA synthesis of double-stranded RNA from an RNA templ synthesis of double-stranded RNA from an RNA template
An infectious protein is a retrovirus. viroid. papovavirus. prion. bacteriophage. prion.
An envelope is acquired during which of the following steps? biosynthesis release adsorption penetration uncoating release
Which of the following statements is NOT true of lysogeny? Lytic cycle may follow lysogeny. Prophage is inserted into the host genome. It causes lysis of host cells. It can give infected pathogens the genetic information for toxin product It causes lysis of host cells.
An example of a latent viral infection is subacute sclerosing panencephalitis. cold sores. smallpox. influenza. mumps. cold sores.
A virus's ability to infect an animal cell depends primarily upon the host cell's ability to phagocytize viral particles. enzymatic activity of a host cell. type of viral nucleic acid. presence of receptor sites on the cell membrane. p presence of receptor sites on the cell membrane.
Assume you have isolated an unknown virus. This virus has a single, positive sense strand of RNA, and possesses an envelope. To which group does it most likely belong? herpesvirus retrovirus togavirus picornavirus papovavirus togavirus
The mechanism whereby an enveloped virus leaves a host cell is called abduction. penetration. lysogeny. transduction. budding. budding.
The most conclusive evidence that viruses cause cancers was provided by finding oncogenes in viruses. cancer that developed in chickens following injection of cell-free filtrates. treating cancer with antibodies. cancer that developed in chickens following injection of cell-free filtrates.
Bacteriophages derive all of the following from the host cell EXCEPT ATP. amino acids. nucleotides. lysozyme. tRNA. lysozyme.
Bacteriophage replication differs from animal virus replication because only bacteriophage replication involves injection of naked nucleic acid into the host cell. assembly of viral components. lysis of the host cell. injection of naked nucleic acid into the host cell.
Generally, in an infection caused by a DNA-containing virus, the host animal cell supplies all of the following EXCEPT tRNA. RNA polymerase. nucleotides. DNA polymerase. DNA polymerase.
Which of the following places these items in the correct order for DNA-virus replication? 1. Maturation 2. DNA synthesis 3. Transcription 4. Translation 1; 2; 3; 4 3; 4; 1; 2 4; 1; 2; 3 2; 3; 4; 1 4; 3; 2; 1 2; 3; 4; 1
A viral species is a group of viruses that has the same genetic information and ecological niche. infects the same cells and cause the same disease. has the same morphology and nucleic acid. cannot be defined. has the same genetic information and ecological niche.
Viruses that utilize reverse transcriptase belong to the virus families Retroviridae and Picornaviridae. Hepadnaviridae and Retroviridae. Rhabdoviridae and Herpesviridae. Herpesviridae and Retroviridae. Herpesviridae and Poxviridae. Hepadnaviridae and Retroviridae.
DNA made from an RNA template will be incorporated into the virus capsid of influenzavirus. Retroviridae. Hepadnaviridae. Herpesviridae. bacteriophage families. Hepadnaviridae.
Which of the following statements about viruses is FALSE? Viruses use their own catabolic enzymes. Viruses use the anabolic machinery of the cell. Viruses contain a protein coat. Viruses have genes. Viruses use their own catabolic enzymes.
A lytic virus has infected a patient. Which of the following would best describe what is happening inside the patient? The virus is causing the death of the infected cells in the patient. The virus is not killing any cells in the host. The virus is causing the death of the infected cells in the patient.
Some viruses, such as human herpesvirus 1, infect a cell without causing symptoms. These are called lytic viruses. slow viruses. latent viruses. unconventional viruses. phages. latent viruses.
Assume a patient had chickenpox (human herpesvirus 3) as a child. Which line on the graph in Figure 13.2 would show the number of viruses present in this person as a 60-year-old with shingles (human herpesvirus 3)? a b c d e e
Assume a patient has influenza. During which time on the graph in Figure 13.2 would the patient show the symptoms of the illness? a b c d e c
The following steps occur during multiplication of herpesviruses. Which is the third step? biosynthesis uncoating release attachment penetration uncoating
The following steps occur during multiplication of retroviruses. Which is the fourth step? uncoating synthesis of double-stranded DNA attachment penetration synthesis of +RNA synthesis of double-stranded DNA
Oncogenic viruses have no effect on the host cell. cause acute infections. are genetically unstable. are lytic viruses that kill the host cell. cause tumors to develop. cause tumors to develop.
Which one of the following steps does NOT occur during multiplication of a picornavirus? synthesis of + strands of RNA synthesis of - strands of RNA synthesis of DNA synthesis of viral proteins None of the answers is correct. synthesis of DNA
Which of the following is most likely a product of an early gene? envelope proteins spike proteins DNA polymerase lysozyme capsid proteins DNA polymerase
Most RNA viruses carry which of the following enzymes? DNA-dependent DNA polymerase ATP synthase lysozyme reverse transcriptase RNA-dependent RNA polymerase RNA-dependent RNA polymerase
What is NOT true regarding viruses that infect plants? They can sometimes be cultured in insect cells. They can spread via pollination. They are often cultured in embryonated chicken eggs. They are often cultured in embryonated chicken eggs.
What contributes to antigenic shift in influenza viruses? ease of virus transmission different virus subtypes attachment spikes a segmented genome worldwide distribution of the virus a segmented genome
________ were first identified in cancer-causing viruses and can induce ________ in infected cells. Segmented genomes; reassortment Oncogenes; transformation Herpes viruses; lesions T antigens; lysis Oncogenes; transformation
What is an oncogene? an altered form of a gene that may induce cancer a viral ligand found in a family of viruses a viral polymerase a problematic gene found exclusively in viruses a toxin gene transferred by a virus an altered form of a gene that may induce cancer
What is the key characteristic of a transformed cell? is producing toxins affecting neighboring cells is infected with a lytic virus has acquired tumor-forming properties is producing budding viruses has acquired tumor-forming properties
Shingles is an example of reactivation of latent virus. lytic virus. transformation. persistent virus. lysogeny. reactivation of latent virus.
Why do most scientists agree that viruses are nonliving entities? They are not composed of cells. They cause diseases in host cells. They cannot replicate outside host cells. They pass through filters They are not composed of cells.
What type of immunity results from vaccination? innate immunity naturally acquired active immunity naturally acquired passive immunity artificially acquired active immunity artificially acquired passive immunity artificially acquired active immunity
What type of immunity results from transfer of antibodies from one individual to a susceptible individual by means of injection? naturally acquired passive immunity artificially acquired active immunity artificially acquired passive immunity artificially acquired passive immunity
What type of immunity results from recovery from mumps? innate immunity naturally acquired active immunity naturally acquired passive immunity artificially acquired active immunity artificially acquired passive immunity naturally acquired active immunity
Which of the following is the best definition of epitope? specific regions on antigens that interact with haptens specific regions on antigens that interact with antibodies specific regions on antigens that interact with T-cell receptors specific regions on antigens that interact with antibodies
Newborns' immunity due to the transfer of antibodies across the placenta is an example of artificially acquired active immunity. innate immunity. naturally acquired active immunity. naturally acquired passive immunity. naturally acquired passive immunity.
Which of the following statements is NOT a possible outcome of antigen-antibody reaction? agglutination ADCC activation of complement clonal deletion opsonization clonal deletion
Which of the following cells is NOT an APC? natural killer cells dentritic cells mature B cells macrophages None of the answers is correct; all of these are APCs. natural killer cells
When an antibody binds to a toxin, the resulting action is referred to as apoptosis. opsonization. ADCC. agglutination. neutralization. neutralization.
CD4+ T cells are activated by cytokines released by B cells. interaction between TCRs and MHC II. interaction between CD4+ and MHC II. complement. cytokines released by dendritic cells. interaction between CD4+ and MHC II.
Which of the following recognizes antigens displayed on host cells with MHC II? natural killer cell TC cell B cell TH cell basophil TH cell
The specificity of an antibody is due to the L chains. the H chains. the variable portions of the H and L chains. its valence. the constant portions of the H and L chains. the variable portions of the H and L chains.
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of B cells? They originate in bone marrow. They are responsible for antibody formation. They have antibodies on their surfaces. They recognize antigens associated with MHC I. They recognize antigens associated with MHC I.
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of cellular immunity? The cells originate in bone marrow. B cells make antibodies. Cells mature in the thymus gland. Response to abnormal cells. B cells make antibodies.
Plasma cells are activated by a(n) B cell. T cell. antigen. APC. memory cell. antigen.
The antibodies found in mucus, saliva, and tears are IgD. IgM. IgG. IgA. IgE. IgA.
The antibodies found almost entirely and only on the surface of B cells (not secreted from them), and which always exist as monomers, are IgA. IgE. IgG. IgD. IgM. IgD.
The antibodies that typically bind to large parasites are IgA. IgE. IgD. IgG. IgM. IgE.
In addition to IgG, the antibodies that can fix complement are IgM. IgD. IgA. IgE. IgM.
Large antibodies that agglutinate antigens are IgG. IgE. IgM. IgA. IgD. IgM.
The most abundant class of antibodies in serum is IgM. IgD. IgG. IgE. IgA. IgG.
In Figure 17.1, which letter on the graph indicates the patient's secondary response to a repeated exposure with the identical antigen? a b c d e c
In Figure 17.1, which letter on the graph indicates the highest antibody titer during the patient's response to a second and distinct/different antigen? a b c d e e
In Figure 17.1, the arrow at time (d) indicates exposure to a new antigen. the secondary response. the time of exposure to the same antigen as at time (a). the T-cell response. the primary response. exposure to a new antigen.
Which of the following statements is FALSE? The variable region of a heavy chain is partially responsible for binding with antigen. The constant region of a heavy chain is the same for all antibodies. All of the answers are correct. The constant region of a heavy chain is the same for all antibodies.
Which of the following is the best definition of antigen? a pathogen something foreign in the body a chemical that combines with antibodies a chemical that elicits an antibody response and can combine with these antibodies a chemical that elicits an antibody response and can combine with these antibodies
Which of the following are NOT lymphocytes? helper T cells B cells cytotoxic T cells M cells NK cells M cells
The following events elicit an antibody response. What is the third step? B cell is activated. TH cell produces cytokines. TH cell recognizes antigen-digest and MHC II. Antigen-digest goes to surface of APC. APC phagocytizes antigen. TH cell recognizes antigen-digest and MHC II.
In Figure 17.2, which areas are similar for all IgG antibodies? b and d a and b a and c c and d b and c c and d
In Figure 17.2, which areas are different for all IgM antibodies? a and b b and c a and c c and d a and b
In Figure 17.2, which areas represent antigen-binding sites? a and c b and d b and c a and b c and d a and b
In Figure 17.2, what portion will typically attach to a host cell? a and c e b b and c a and d e
Which of the following bacterial components would most likely result in B cell stimulation by T-independent antigens? capsule plasmid flagellum ribosome pili capsule
The presence of which of the following indicates a current infection rather than a previous infection or vaccination? IgA IgE IgM IgD IgG IgM
Which of the following destroys virus-infected cells? B cells dendritic cells CTL TH Treg CTL
The following events occur in cellular immunity, leading to a response from TH cells. What is the third step? Antibodies are produced. Antigen enters M cell. TH cells proliferate. TH cell produces cytokines. TH cells proliferate.
Cytokines released by TH1 cells convert TH1 cells to TH2 cells. convert TH2 cells to TH1 cells. directly kill parasites. convert B cells to T cells. activate CD8+ cells to CTLs. activate CD8+ cells to CTLs.
Which one of the following causes transmembrane channels in target cells? perforin hapten granzymes IL-2 IL-1 perforin
At a minimum, the human immune system is capable of recognizing approximately how many different antigens? 105 1025 1020 1015 1010 1015
Thymic selection activates B cells. destroys B cells that make antibodies against self. destroys T cells that do not recognize self-molecules of MHC. destroys CD4+ cells that attack self. destroys MHC molecules. destroys T cells that do not recognize self-molecules of MHC.
Which of the following statements about natural killer cells is FALSE? They destroy tumor cells. They destroy cells lacking MHC I. They destroy virus-infected cells. They are stimulated by an antigen. They are stimulated by an antigen.
An antibody's Fc region can be bound by macrophages. B cells. antibodies. CTLs. T helper cells. macrophages.
A Treg cell deficiency could result in transplant rejection. increased number of viral infections. increased number of bacterial infections. increased severity of bacterial infections. autoimmunity. autoimmunity.
ADCC is a process that is most effective in destroying eukaryotic pathogens. extracellular viruses. prions. bacterial pathogens. bacterial toxins. eukaryotic pathogens.
IL-2, produced by TH cells, activates TC cells to CTLs. causes phagocytosis. stimulates TH cell maturation. activates macrophages. activates antigen-presenting cells. stimulates TH cell maturation.
NK cells do all of the following EXCEPT kill cells not expressing MHCI. bind to Fc regions of bound antibodies. become activated by TH-2 cells. participate in antibody dependent cell cytotoxicity. become activated by TH-2 cells.
Which terms regarding components of adaptive immunity are mismatched? TH-17 cells - recruit neutrophils. Dendritic cells- Langerhans cell. TH cells - MHCI interaction. M cell - microfolds. activated macrophage - membrane ruffling. TH cells - MHCI interaction.
Which of the following statements about cytokines is FALSE? Some have multiple functions. They are soluble proteins or glycoproteins. They are produced by immune cells in response to a stimulus. There are 10 types. There are 10 types.
A cell undergoing apoptosis will likely damage nearby cells. bursts and releases intracellular contents. was necessarily bound by antibodies. is employed as an infection-fighting mechanism. is a malfunction of the immune system. is employed as an infection-fighting mechanism.
The importance of M cells concerns presentation of epitopes in MHCII molecules. ability to migrate along the intestinal tract. facilitation of contact between antigens in the intestinal tract and the immune system. facilitation of contact between antigens in the intestinal tract and the immune system.
Which of the following terms regarding roles of chemical messengers is mismatched? hematopoetic cytokine - development of blood cells interferons - interruption of viral infection tumor necrosis factor - stimulate tumor metastasis tumor necrosis factor - stimulate tumor metastasis
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