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PGM+Refraction/Lens
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Density | Mass per unit volume |
| Pressure | Force per unit area |
| Archimedes Principle | States that when an object is partially or completely immersed in fluid it experiences an upthrust equal in magnitude to the weight of fluid displaced |
| Law of Flotation | States that the weight of a floating body is equal to the weight of the fluid it displaces |
| Boyle's Law | States that at a constant temperature the volume of a fixed mass of gas is inversely proportional to its pressure |
| Newton's Law of Universal Gravitation | States that any two point masses in the universe attract each other with a force that is directly proportional to the product of their masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them |
| Force of gravity on a given planet | GM/R^2 |
| Moment of a force about an axis | Equal to the magnitude of the force multiplied by the perpendicular distance from the axis to the line of action of the force |
| 1st law of equilibrium | If a body is in equilibrium then the vector sum of the forces in any direction is zero |
| 2nd law of equilibrium | If a body is in equilibrium then the sum of the moments about any point is zero |
| Couple | Two parallel forces with the same magnitude acting in opposite directions |
| Refraction | The bending of a ray of light when it goes from one medium to another |
| 1st law of refraction | The incident ray, the normal at the point of incidence and the refracted ray all lie in the same plane |
| Snell's law/ 2nd law of refraction | The ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence to the sine of the angle of refraction is a constant |
| Refractive Index of a medium | The ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence to the sine of the angle of refraction when light travels from a vacuum into that medium |
| Critical Angle | When light travels from a denser to a rarer medium the angle of incidence whose corresponding angle of refraction is 90 |
| Total Internal Reflection | When light enters a medium with an angle of incidence greater than the critical angle it is reflected back within the denser medium |
| Optical Fibre | A very thin transparent rod through which light can travel by total internal reflection |
| Convex lens | Converging lens |
| Concave lens | Diverging lens |
| Real Image | Image formed by the actual intersection of rays, can be located on a screen |
| Virtual Image | Image formed by the apparent intersection of ryays |
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