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HLTH 237 Test 2
Weeks 6-8
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| what is psychopharmacology | the study of the effects of psychoactive drugs on the human mind and body |
| physiological aspect of psychopharmacology distinguishes | psychoactive drugs from other substances |
| primary effects of psychoactive drugs | CNS - altering thoughts and behaviours |
| pharmacological aspect of psychopharmacology | chemical structure and their effects |
| psychopharmacology view | morally neutral view of substances |
| psychopharmacology has different understandings based on ... | substance, who is using the drug, and how they act when using |
| almost all psychoactive substances have what kinds of effects? | positive and negative |
| 3 main effects of opioids | slows down CNS, provides analgesic/calming effects, produces euphoria |
| examples of opioids | codeine, fentanyl, heroin, methadone, morphine, opium, oxycodone |
| 2 effects of depressants | slows down CNS, produces euphoria |
| examples of depressants | alcohol, barbiturates, benzodiazepines, GHB, inhalants, solvents |
| 2 effects of stimulants | speeds up CNS, produces euphoria |
| examples of stimulants | amphetamines, bath salts, caffeine, cocaine, methamphetamines, nicotine |
| effects of hallucinogens | produces sensory distortion/cross-sensory stimulation, disconnect between physical world and perceptions of it |
| examples of hallucinogens | ecstacy (MDMA), ketamine, LSD, PCP, peyote |
| Cannabis effects | slight depressive effect on CNS, mild euphoria, distorted sensory perceptions |
| psychotherapeutic agent effects | levels mood or reduces extreme emotional states, moves user towards homeostasis |
| examples of psychotherapeutic agents | antidepressants, antipsychotics, and mood stabilizers |
| performance enhancing drugs effects | enhances physical performance, no effect on CNS |
| examples of performance enhancing drugs | proteins, steroids, hormonal agents |
| paradox of pharmacological classifications | substances with similar effects carry different legal penalties for possession, trafficking, importing, exporting, or production |
| how many schedules are in Canada's Controlled drugs and substances act for psychoactive drugs | 9 |
| 4 types of penalized offences in the drugs and substances act | possession, trafficking, importing/exporting, production |
| which schedule has the harshest penalties for offences | schedule 1 |
| where are opioids derived from | opium poppy or synthesized with similar chemical structure |
| opioids mask human response to _____ | pain |
| how are opioids distinguished from other psychoactive substances? | ability to produce physical and psychological dependency, analgesic effect, intese euphoria |
| are opioids medically useful? | yes, very |
| 3 categories of opioids | natural, semi-synthetic, synthetic |
| 3 most common natural opioids | opium, morphine, codeine |
| natural opioids | derived directly from poppy plant |
| opium | raw, milky substance extracted from unripe seeds of poppy plant, usually smoked using a pipe |
| is opium still used medically? | no |
| morphine | 1805, primary active ingredient in opium, 10x stronger |
| codeine is an opium derivative, used for | analgesic effects, cough suppressant, antidiarrheal agent |
| why is codeine used medically | effectiveness and ability to be combined with non-opioid analgesics |
| why is codeine less popular recreationally | relative non-potency |
| semi-synthetic opioids | combination of naturally-occuring opioids with other chemical substances |
| 2 most common semi-synthetic opioids | heroin and oxycodone |
| what is the most prohibited opioid globally | heroin |
| heroin | 3 times more potent than morphine, is derived from morphine with 2 additional ingredients |
| when is heroin used clinically | limited, but used in Canada for people who don't respond to methadone |
| oxycodone | chemically similar, but more potent than codeine |
| oxycodone medical use | moderate to severe pain management |
| oxycodone leads to what kinds of dependencies | physical and psychological |
| oxycontin | time-released version of oxycodone, heavily marketed, thought it would decrease dependency but did not, driver of today's opioid overdose crisis |
| percodan | oxycodone + aspirin |
| percocet | oxycodone + acetaminophen |
| synthetic opioids | no origin in poppy plan, but similar effects to semi-synthetic and natural opioids |
| 2 most well known types of synthetic opioids | fentanyl and methadone |
| fetanyl | used in medical setting for pain, popular on street due to strength, dramatically increases chance of death from street drug |
| does methadone produce euphoric effects of other opioids? | no |
| methadone | used as a maintenance or substitution therapy (treatment and maintenance) for opioid use disorder |
| opioids: legal classification and penalties | most are on schedule 1, with penalties for possession, trafficking, importing/exporting, producing |
| penalties for opioiids | 6 mo to life |
| are all opioids schedule 1? | no, 2 synthetic opioids are on schedule 4 with no logical rationale/explanation (butorphanol and nalbuphine) |
| are there culturally acceptable depressants | yep - alcohol |
| medically useful but potentially dangerous depressants | barbituates and benzodiazepines |
| important uses but dangerous when used recreationally | inhalants and solvents |
| how are depressant effects similar to opioids | slowing down of PNS and CNS |
| CNS and PNS slowing down | resppiratory system slows, heart rate decreases, thought processes slow down, reaction time decreases |
| what can depressants produce | euphoria, relaxation, dull pain |
| historic alcohols | mead from honey, beer, berry, and grape wine |
| all alcohol involve _________ and sometimes distillation of ethyl alcohol | fermentation |
| people believe alcohol will increase... | happiness, socialability, willingness to do things they would not otherwise |
| alcohol has a high level of | toxicity |
| alcohol in combination with other psychoactive drugs | risky |
| barbituates developed for what | sleep and anxiety |
| barbiturates limitations | brief regular use can lead to psysical and psychological dependence, most severe withdrawal - risk of fatality |
| examples of barbiturates | pentobarbital, phenobarbital, primidone |
| benzos development | supposed to be a safer, non-addictive varbiturate to reduce anxiety and help with sleep |
| can benzos cause physical or psychological dependence | yes, within 4 weeks |
| benzos, when mixed with _______ can produce euphoria | methadone |
| rohypnol | when mixed with alcohol, quickly induces significant intoxication, temporary blackout, and memory impairment |
| examples of benzos | xanax, valium, ativan |
| inhalants and solvents are dispensed an inhaled in _____ form | vapour |
| 2 major groupings of inhalants and solvents | organic and anaesthetic |
| organic solvents/inhalents | legally available but not meant for human consumption (gas, paint, cleaning products, glues) |
| who is most likely to use inhalants and solvents | young people - readily available unlike other substances |
| anaesthetic inhalants | legally approved for medical use, also used recreationally to produce euphoria |
| examples of anaesthetic inhalants | ether, chloroform, nitrous oxide |
| inhalants/solvents + brain damage | some of the few drugs that do actually produce permanent brain damage when misused |
| alcohol and CDSA | most widely used, not controlled or regulated under CDSA |
| legal classification and penalties of depressants | very complex, some are and some are not punished, may be related to sexual assaultsdyew |
| list stimulants | cocaine, amphetamines, nicotone, caffeine |
| cocain | coca plant, south american, seen as therapeutic originally and mostly used recreationally |
| 2 types of cocaine | powder, crack |
| powder cocaine | usually snorted, can be injected or smoked if modified |
| crack | usually heated and inhaled |
| legal differences in societal views and legality based on demographics of people who use | cocaine |
| amphetamines | developed to mimic adrenaline, synthetic substance |
| medical use of amphetamine | narcolepsy, weight loss, ADHD |
| are amphetamines effective in improving long-term or overall performance | no |
| meth | popular recreationally because of powerful rush and euphoria |
| minor stimulants | nicotine and caffiene |
| nicotine | stimulates, then depresses brain and nervous system activity - highly addictive, limited controls regulating sales |
| caffeine | increases wakefulness, potential for dependence and withdrawal, not seen as a drug - no controls |
| hallucinogens | widely debated health and social effect, can be seen as mind-expanding or spiritual |
| regular use of hallucinogens | tachyphylaxis, rapid development of tolerance |
| 3 categories of hallucinogens | natural, semi-synthetic, synthetic |
| shcedule 3 hallucinogens | peyote, shrooms, LSD |
| schedule 1 hallucinogen | PCP, MDMA, Ketamine |
| cannabis and legalization | rapid changes from prohibition to legalization and regulation |
| inevitability fallacy | occurs when people argue that a certain situation is inevitable |
| inevitability fallacy cannabis | people who use cannabis - people who do/do not use hard drugs |
| causal fallacy cannabis | cannabis users progress to more potent drugs because they are unsatisfied with the high from cannabis |
| alternative explanations to causal fallacy | breaking the law makes it easier to break other laws, cannabis puts one in a subculture that makes it more likely to use other drugs |
| intended use psychotherapeutic agents | diagnosed mental health conditions, but can produce unpleasant side effects |
| 3 categories of psychotherapeutic agents | antipsychotics, antidepressants, mood stabilizers |
| performance-enhancing drugs | used to build muscle and improve physical performance, mimic substances produced naturally in body |
| problem with drug effects and legal classifications: criminalization | criminalization is not effective so not justified |
| problem with drug effects and legal classifications: penalties | lack of justification for some substances on different schedules with divergent penalties |
| psychoactive drugs far more _________ than the law suggests | complex |
| most commonly used psychoactive substance in Canada | alcohol |
| second most commonly used substance in Canada | tobacco |
| third most commonly used substance in Canada | cannabis |
| demographic correlates | age, sex, ethnicity and race, socioeconomic status, geographic location |
| age and substance use | young people are most likely to use and misuse substances with few exceptions, peaks in late teens, declines with employment/family formation |
| older people most likely to use | cocaine, injection/drug use, steroid use |
| younger people are more likely to use | inhalants |
| people 65+ are more likely to use | benzodiazepines, sedative-hypnotic drugs |
| 3 reasons why age correlation exist | social control, subcultural involvement, social learning |
| social control and age correlation | young people - greater freedom and fewer obligations elderly - lack of social control or bonds due to loss and isolation |
| subcultural involvement and age correlation | more time for leisure activities, peer use influences use |
| social learning and age correlation | young people learn what substances to use and how to use them from observing others |
| are males or females more likely to use illicit psychoactive substances? | males |
| males and females have _________ rates of legal substance use | similar |
| females more likely to use ________ compared to men | pharmaceuticals |
| why does the sex correlation exist | gender roles and rules of conduct, social control |
| gender roles and rules of conduct | externalized behaviour more expected among males compared to female, females more likely to seek help for internalized conflicts |
| gender roles and social control | males monitored less, celebrated for substance use, females are viewed as more vulnerable and expected to refrain from risky activities, females have closer ties to society, uphold law |
| ethnic and racial identification have long been interconnected with | substance use patterns |
| why does Canada not have a lot of data about substance use and ethnicity/race | wishing to avoid racism and discrimination, not many population-based, nationwide studies have been conducted |
| research on substance use and ethnicity/race | interpreted with caution, complicated, inconsistent |
| adolescent illicit drug use in USA | asians least likely to use, indigenous more likely to use, african-americans less likely to use |
| illicit drug use during transition into adulthood - US stats | african americans increase use, white and hispanics decrease, indigenous people remain the most likely to use |
| socioeconomic status is an important indicator of | social behaviours and outcomes |
| how is socioeconomic status usually measured? | income and education level |
| higher income | more likely to have used alcohol and cannabis, exceeding low-risk guideliens |
| higher education and alcohol | after completion of studies, less alcohol consumption |
| rural vs urban geographic locations | urban more likely to use cannabis, rural less likely to have used illicit substances |
| urban vs rural - why? | illicit substances more restricted in rural areas, people who use illicit substances gravitate to more urban areaas |
| 4 types of relational correlates of substance use in Canada | peers, intimate partners, siblings, parents |
| is peer influence just peer pressure? | no, more complex. peer "influence" plus individual and social factors |
| perceptions vs reality of peer substance use | perceived use amongst peers has a greater effect on one's use, compared to actual peer use |
| social activities in peer group | partying and socially defined delinquent activities - more influence vs structues and supervised activities have less influence |
| alcohol and cannabis use vs group size | more likely in smaller groups |
| selection of peers and peer influences | close relations with substnace using peers can counteract effects of positive relationships, but family experience influences who you're friends with |
| intimate partners and substance use | partner who uses increases use (decreases with cannabis over time), starts and end increases tobacco and marijuana |
| why would the ending of relationships be connected to heavy drinking | experiencing depression, being more exposed to other substance-using peers |
| siblings and substance use | stronger influence than peers, older siblings more important than parents |
| parental influences of substance use | parental deoendence associated with increased risk for substance abuse, antisocial behaviours, depressive symptoms, anxiety, low self esteem etc |
| is family attachment more important than family structure? | yes |
| the more parents know about their child's wherabouts and location, | the less alcohol and weed use |
| specific parenting styles connected to substance use amongst adolescents | authoritarian increases risk of smoking, permissing decreases the risk of drinking |
| parents who monitor their behaviour of their adolescent children and their peers | more effectively control or prevent substance use |
| spending time with parents can be | protective - less time with parents more likely to have used substances |
| children exposed to parental addiction more likely to develop _____ in adulthood | depression |
| substance use disorder is strongly correlated to ____ in the family | violence |
| why might a violent house lead to substance abuse | trauma, healthy and safe attachments not present, can affect ability to cope |
| parental substance use and child substance use | young men and women who grow up with at least one dependent parent are more likely to use, women likely to be SA |
| children with substance misusing parents had significantly lower | resiliency, school bonding, and higher at-risk temperament, feelings, thoughts, and behaviours |
| alcohol dependent families exhibited impaired parent-child interactions, with significantly | more negativity and less positivity than non-alcohol dependent femilies |
| dependent mothers had ________ affect than dependent fathers | greater |
| non-dependent mothers could _________ effect of dependent father | moderate |
| some evidence that the general public endorses discriminatory behaviour towards those who | have a family member who is drug dependent |
| Fentanyl stories | reported to incite fear and stigma |
| fentanyl through skin | possible, only likely if the substance is potent and syaus on the skin for a long time (like a patch) |
| can fentanyl grams cause overexposure? | not really if they're airborne, more of a risk if mouth, eyes and nose come into contact with powder |
| things that may influence fentanyl skin contact OD | large dose, large patch of skin, compromised skin barrier |
| findings support what about fentanyl exposure | low risk data of rapid absorption after brief fentanyl exposure |
| moral panics | widespread feeling of fear (irrational) that some evil thing threatens the values/interests/well-being of a community/society |
| moral panics are the process of | arousing social concern over an issue, usually perpetuated by moral entrepreneurs and mass media coverage |
| moral panic can give rise to | new laws aimed at controlling the community |
| who creates moral panics? | government and media |
| representations of moral panic become _________ in minds of the general public | embedded |
| do moral panics reinforce education? | no, reinforcement of underlying fear |
| reports that lead to moral panics are often | exaggerated, misrepresentative of objective reality of drugs and drug users |
| are moral panics nothing to worry about? | there are problems present, but how we react is important |
Created by:
esavoy