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AP Bio - Chapter 43
Immune System
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| vertebrate-specific defense that uses B and T lymphocytes; exhibits specificity, memory, and self/nonself recognition | acquired immunity |
| symptoms and signs present during the late stages of HIV infection, defined by a specific reduction in the number of T cells and the appearance of characteristic secondary infections | acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) |
| long-lasting immunity conferred by the action of B and T cells and the resulting B and T memory cells specific for a pathogen | active immunity |
| a protein secreted by plasma cells (B cells) that binds to a particular antigen; also called immunoglobulin | antibody |
| a macromolecule that elicits an immune response by binding to receptors of B or T cells | antigen |
| the general term for a surface protein, located on B or T cells, that binds to antigens | antigen receptors |
| an immunological disorder in which the immune system turns against self | autoimmune disease |
| the lymphocytes that complete their development in the bone marrow and become effector cells for the humoral immune reponse | B cells |
| the branch of acquired immunity that involves the activation of cytotoxic T cells, which defend against infected body cells | cell-mediated immune response |
| a type of MHC molecule found on the surface of nearly all nucleated cells and that functions in identification of infected cells by cytotoxic T cells | class I MHC molecule |
| a type of MHC molecule restricted to macrophages, dendritic cells, and B cells that serve as antigen-presenting cells | class II MHC molecule |
| a group of 30 blood proteins that may amplify the inflammatory response, enhance phagocytosis, or directly lyse extracellular pathogens | complement system |
| a type of lymphocyte that, when activated, kills infected cells as well as certain cancer cells and transplanted cells | cytotoxic T cell |
| a lymphocyte that has undergone clonal selection and is capable of mediating an acquired immune response | effector cell |
| a small, accessible region of an antigen to which an antigen receptor or antibody binds | epitope |
| a type of T cell that, when activated, secretes cytokines that promote the response of B cells (humoral response) and cytotoxic T cells (cell-mediated response) to antigen | helper T cell |
| a substance released by mast cells that causes blood vessels to dilate and become more permeable in inflammatory and allergic responses | histamine |
| the branch of acquired immunity that invovles the activation of B cells and that leads to the production of antibodies, which defend against bacteria and viruses in body fluids | humoral immune response |
| an animal body's system of defenses against agents that cause disease | immune system |
| the process of generating a state of immunity by artificial means, such as injections of weakened or killed pathogens or of specific antibodies for a particular microbe | immunization/vaccination |
| any of the class of proteins that function as antibodies | immunoglobulin |
| an innate immune defense triggered by physical injury or infection of tissue involving the release of substances that promote swelling, enhance the infiltration of white blood cells, and aid in tissue repair and destruction of invading pathogens | inflammatory response |
| a form of defense common to all animals that is active immediately upon exposure to pathogens and that is the same whether or not the pathogen has been encountered previously | innate immunity |
| a protein that has antiviral or immune regulatory functions, such as signaling nearby cells to resist viral infection or by stimulating macrophage activation | interferons |
| a type of white blood cell that mediates acquired immunity. The two main classes are B cells and T cells | lymphocytes |
| an enzyme that destroys bacterial cell walls; in mammals, found in sweat, tears, and saliva | lysozyme |
| a phagocytic cell present in many tissues that functions in innate immunity by destroying microbes and in acquired immunity as an antigen-presenting cell | macrophages |
| a family of genes that encode a large set of cell-surface proteins that function in antigen presentation | major histocompatibility complex (MHC) |
| a vertebrate body cell that produces histamine and other molecules that trigger inflammation in response to infection and in allergic reactions | mast cells |
| one of a clone of long-lived lymphocytes, formed during the primary immune response, that remains until activated by a secondary exposure to the same antigen that triggered its formation | memory cell |
| a type of white blood cell that can kill tumor cells and virus-infected cells as part of innate immunity | natural killer cells |
| short-term immunity conferred by the transfer of antibodies, as occurs in the transfer of maternal antibodies to a fetus or nursing infant | passive immunity |
| an organism or virus that causes disease | pathogens |
| a type of endocytosis in which large particulate substances are taken up by a cell | phagocytosis |
| the antibody-secreting effector cells of humoral immunity; arises from antigen-stimulated B cells | plasma cell |
| the initial acquired immune response to an antigen, which appears after a lag of 10 to 17 days | primary immune response |
| the acquired immune response elicited on second or subsequent exposures to a particular antigen. | secondary immune response |
| the class of lymphocytes that mature in the thymus and that includes both effector and helper cells | T cells |
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mrariail