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AP Bio - Chapter 41
Animal Nutrition
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| the third stage of food processing in animals: the update of small nutrient molecules by an organism's body | absorption |
| a digestive tract consisting of a tube running between a mouth and an anus; also called a complete digestive tract | alimentary canal |
| an enzyme in saliva that hydrolyzes (breaks down) starch and glycogen into smaller polysaccharides | amylase |
| a small, finger-like extension of the vertebrate cecum; contains a mass of white blood cells that contribute to immunity | appendix |
| a mixture of substances that is produced in the liver but stored in the gallbladder and that enables formation of fat droplets in water as an aid in digestion and absorption of fats | bile |
| an animal that mainly eats other animals | carnivore |
| the largest section of the vertebrate large intestine | colon |
| the second stage of food processing in animals: the breaking down of food into molecules small enough for the body to absorb | digestion |
| the fourth and final stage of food processing in animals: the passing of undigested material out of the digestive system | elimination |
| a channel that conducts food, by peristalsis, from the pharynx to the stomach | esophagus |
| a substance that an organism must absorb in preassembled form because it cannot be synthesized from other materials | essential nutrients |
| an organ that stores bile and releases it as needed into the small intestine | gall bladder |
| a central cavity with a single opening in the body of certain animals that functions in both the digestion and distribution of nutrients | gastrovascular cavity |
| an animal that mainly eats plants or algae | herbivore |
| the first stage of food processing in animals; the act of eating | ingestion |
| the tubular portion of the vertebrate alimentary canal between the small intestine and the anus; functions mainly in water absorption and formation of feces | large intestine |
| the largest internal organ in the vertebrate body. It produces bile, prepares nitrogenous waste for disposal, and detoxifies poisonous chemicals in the blood | liver |
| the long-term absence from the diet of one or more essential nutrients | malnourishment |
| one of many fine, finger-like projections of the epithelial cells in the lumen of the small intestine that increase its surface area | microvilli |
| an animal that regularly eats animals as well as plants and algae | omnivore |
| a gland that secretes enzymes and bicarbonate into the small intestine and secretes insulin and glucagon into the bloodstream | pancreas |
| an enzyme present in gastric juice that begins the hydrolysis of proteins | pepsin |
| alternating waves of muscle contraction in the smooth muscles lining the alimentary canal that push food along the canal | peristalsis |
| the longest section of the vertebrate alimentary canal; the principal site of enzymatic hydrolysis of food macromolecules and the absorption of nutrients | small intestine |
| a ringlike, muscular valve that regulates passage of some compartments of the alimentary canal | sphincter |
| a condition that results from a diet that consistently provides less chemical energy than an organism needs | undernourishment |
| a finger-like projection of the inner surface of the small intestine, increasing surface area | villus |
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mrariail