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Module XII
Chemistry of the Remaining Representative Elements
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Natural occurrence of Sodium | Seawater |
| Preparation of Sodium | Electrolysis of NaCl (Downs Cell) |
| Use of Sodium | Preparation of Titanium TiCl4 + Na => Ti + NaCl |
| Products of Na + NH3 | Na + NH3 => Na(+) + H2 + NH2(+) |
| Preparation of Sodium Hydride | 2Na + H2 => 2NaH |
| Used in paper industry to dissolve wood chips (Kraft process) | Na2SO4 |
| Solvay Process | CO2 + NH3 + NaCl + H2O => NaHCO3 (baking soda) + NH4Cl NaHCO3 => Na2CO3(soda ash) + H20 + CO2 |
| Natural occurrence of magnesium | seawater |
| Extraction of magnesium hydroxide from seawater | CaCO3 (shells) =heat=> CaO (quicklime) + CO2 CaO + H2O =slaking=> Ca(OH)2 Ca(OH)2 + MgCl2 => Mg(OH)2 + CaCl2 |
| Use of magnesium hydroxide | Milk of magnesia - stomachaches |
| Preparation of Magnesium from magnesium hydroxide | Mg(OH)2 + HCl => MgCl2 + H2O MgCl2 =electric charge=> Mg + Cl2 |
| Use of magnesium | Light structural alloys |
| Grignard Reagents | Mg + CH3Br => Br-Mg-CH3 |
| Structure of MgO | same as NaCl |
| Melting Point of MgO compared to NaCl | Higher melting point than NaCl |
| Use of MgO | Electric ranges: good conductor of heat, does not absorb bad conductor of electricity |
| Natural occurrence of Aluminum (Non-silicate) | Al2O3 (Bauxite) |
| Creation of Ruby/Sapphire | Replace some Al(+3) groups in Bauxite with transition metals |
| Natural occurrence of Aluminum (silicate) | Beryl |
| Types Of silicates (3 types) | mica, clay, talc |
| Al compared to Cu (volume) | Cu is more conductive by volume |
| Al compared to Cu (mass) | Al is more conductive by mass |
| Preparation of Al | Hall-Heroult Process |
| Amphoteric Reaction of Aluminum (acid) | 2Al + 6HCl => Al2Cl6 + 3H2 |
| Amphoteric Reaction of Aluminum (base) | 2Al + 6OH(-) => 2AlO3(-3) + 3H2 |
| Structure of Al2Cl6 | similar to diborane (banana bonds) |
| Aluminum Spinels | M(2+)Al2O4 |
| what are Ziegler-Natta Catalysts (2) | TiCl4 and Al(C2H5)3 |
| What does Ziegler-Natta system do? | Polymerizes alkenes i.e. ethene -> polyethelene |
| Natural Occurrence of Silicon | 26% of earth's crust |
| Preparation of silicon (98% pure) | SiO2 + 2C => Si + 2CO (98% pure) |
| Preparation of Silicon (99.9% pure) | Si + Cl2 => SiCl4 SiCl4 + Mg => MgCl2 + Si |
| Preparation of Silicon (99.9999% pure) | zone refining |
| Structure of Quartz and name | Repeating tetrahedron of Silicon surrounded by oxygens (SiO2)n |
| Zircon | ZrSiO4 |
| Impure forms of quartz | gems (amethyst, opal) |
| Structure of Si2O7(-6) | Two tetrahedrons of Si joined by a shared oxygen (corner sharing) |
| Structure of Benitoite & atoms shared | Ring of alternating silicon and oxygen; 2 atoms shared per tetrahedron Si3O9(-) |
| Structure of beryl & # of oxygen atoms shared | ring of six tetrahedra with six shared oxygen atoms |
| Shared atoms for chains of silicon | 2 atoms shared per tetrahedron |
| Structure of double chain (asbestos) | (Si4O11)n(-6n) |
| structure of single chain | (SiO3)n(-2n) |
| Structure of silicon sheets (talc) | (Si2O5)n (-2n) |
| Shared atoms for silicon sheets (talc) | 3 atoms shared per tetrahedron |
| Creation of Mica | Replace 1/4 of Si(3+) in talc with Al(3+) |
| Shared atoms for 3-D silicates | 4 atoms shared per tetrahedron |
| Formation of SiF4 | HF attacks SiO2 ONLY |
| What 3 halides hydrolize to SiO2 + HX? | SiCl4, SiBr4, SiI4 |
| List 4 known silicon hydrides | SiH4, Si2H6, Si3H8, Si4H10 |
| Preparation of silicon hydrides | SiCl4 + LiAlH4 => SiH4 + LiCl + (AlCl3)2 |
| Structure of Silicon Carbide | SiC Connected tetrahedrons of C and Si, respectively surrounded by each other |
| Preparation of Silicon carbide | SiO2 + 3C => SiC + 2CO |
| preparation of silicones | Si + CH3Cl => (CH3)2SiCl2 (CH3)2SiCl2 + H20 => [(CH3)2SiO]n + HCl |
| Structure of silicones | Bent chain of O and Si, 2 branching R groups off of silicons |
| Silicone oil links | no crosslinks |
| silicone rubber links | a few cross links |
| silicone resins | more crosslinks |
| Natural occurrence of phosphate & structure | phosphate rock Ca3(PO4)2 |
| Use of phosphate rock | fertilizer |
| Occurrence of phosphate in humans | ATP |
| Preparation of phosphate | 2Ca3(PO4)2 + 10C + 6SiO2 => 6CaSiO3(slag) + 10CO + P4 |
| Oxide of P4 with limited O2 | H3PO3 |
| oxide of P4 with excess O2 | H3PO4 |
| natural occurrence of sulfur | free-gulf coast in form of sulfides |
| pyrite | FeS2 |
| galena | PbS |
| bornite | Cu3FeS3 |
| zinc blende | ZnS |
| occurrence of sulfur in humans | amino acids, protein |
| Frasch process | molten sulfur deposits |
| natural form of sulfur | S8 (overlapping squares) |
| Use of Gallium | Semiconductor (GaAs) |
| Property of gallium | longest liquid range of any element (30-2403 C) |
| Use of Indium | photovoltaic cells |
| Use of Thallium | Heavy metal poison (Tl2O) |
| Use of Germanium | Semi-conductor |
| Preparation of tin | SnO2(cassiterite) + 2C => Sr + CO2 |
| Composition of bronze | 20% tin, 80% copper |
| Composition of solder | 50% tin, 50% lead |
| Tin cans | Steel coated with tin |
| Octane-boosting additive to gasoline | Pb(CH2CH3)4 |
| Marsh Test | H2 + H3AsO4 => AsH3 + H20 determines if arsenic is present |
| Use of Antimony | Hardens lead in storage batteries |
| Property of bismuth | expands on freezing |
| Wood's metal (Bi) | Used as plug in sprinkler systems |
| Use of bismuth | Pepto bismol (BiO)2CO3 |
| Use of selenium | red color in glass (red lights) |
| Use of selenium on humans | trace amounts are anti-carcinogenic |
| Property of tellurium | H2Te is worst smelling inorganic compound |
| property of bromine | liquid at room temperature |
| natural occurrence of bromine | seawater Cl2 + Br(-) => 2Cl(-) + Br2 |
| use of iodine on humans | thyroxine - growth hormone |
| heat S8 rapidly | sulfur rings |
| heat S8 slowly | monoclinic |
| heat monoclinic sulfur | S8 rings |
| heat liquid sulfur | liquid darkens |
| heat dark brown liquid sulfur | S2 gas |
| natural occurrence of chlorine | As NaCl |
| Use of chlorine | treatment of drinking water |
| preparation of chlorine (commercial) | Electrolysis of NaCl |
| preparation of chlorine (lab) | HCl + MnO2 => Mn(2+) + Cl2 + H20 |
| chlorine hydride | HCl (strong acid) |
| main use of potassium | gunpowder |
| products of K+ and NH3 | ammoniated K+ + e- |
| use of rubidium | "getter" in vacuum tubes |
| property of cesium | melts at 30 degrees celcius |
| natural occurrence of calcium | silicates, carbonates(marble, chalk, limestone, calcite), phosphates |
| calcium in nature | plats, bones, teeth |
| use of calcium | glass, bricks, porcelain |
| use of strontium | flames, fireworks |
| use of barium | lithopone pigment BaSO4 |
Created by:
neeck
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