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2 midterm 478: mom b
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| what is stress immunization in rats? | mom bases her behaviour towards pups on the enviro she grew up in = to prep them to survive in that enviro |
| brief handling of a pup daily in the first week of life leads to? (stress rxn) | smaller stress responses later in life |
| what is the adaptive value of stress immunization? | most animals live in the same enviro as where they were born |
| what is the big picture of maternal behaviour? | developmental programming |
| what is kangaroo care? | skin to skin contact with newborn |
| what are the benefits of kangaroo care: newborn? 3 | thermoregulation, stabilize heart rate, regulate blood pressure, stress decrease, enhances connection between mom and child |
| are there any side effects to kangaroo care? | no |
| what are the benefits of kangaroo care: mom? 3 | enhance bonding behaviour, reduces post-partum depression, increase oxytocin, more likely to breastfeed, more touching/holding behaviours one year later |
| what are the benefits of kangaroo care: long term(changes in brain of kid)? 3 | increase emo learning, memory modulation, activation of SNS, increase in orbitofrontal cortex (for sensory integration and decision making) |
| what are the benefits of kangaroo care: benefits across the first 10 years of life? 3 | better sleep, better cognitive control, decrease stress, enhance executive functioning |
| how to test kangaroo care benefits? | get mom to hold kids: 1hr/day for 14 days -> test cognition of kids longitudinally |
| what are the results of kangaroo care testing? 2 | increase cognition and executive functioning |
| what are the parental influences on kangaroo care? 3 | temp modulation, pain sensitivity, behavioural response, paternal stress/anxiety, bonding behaviour |
| what is the monkey experiment? | wire mom with food or cloth mom without food = monkey spends most time with cloth mom |
| what is comfort key for? | development |
| what are required for normal brain development? 2 | touch and motion -> mom needs to move around while holding baby for normal development |
| what happened in romania with overpopulation of kids? | kids were put in orphanages due to lack of resources => lack of play and social interaction (very little talking and no personalized caregiving |
| what were the results of romanian orphanages on development? | adopted out of orphanages after 6 months = showed decrease in cognition adopted out before 6 months = normal cognition |
| what does institutionalization do to development? 3 | increase anxiety/depression/ADHD/attachment disorders, reduce gray and white matter, reduce frontal cortex thickness, reduce structural connectivity, growth stunting |
| what does maternal care include in rats? 2 | arch back nursing, licking/grooming |
| what is the heritable trait for licking and grooming? | LG-ABN |
| what happens to daughters with moms who were high LG-ABN? | daughters will be the same |
| what happens to daughters with moms who were low LG-ABN? | daughters will be the same |
| what happens to the stress response for pups with high LG moms? | lower stress rxn |
| what is the probe trial for the Morris Water Task and high/low LG pups? | take platform out and put rat into water -> see if rat will wim to the platform quadrant of the pool can record time spent in each quadrant |
| what are the results of the probe trial for high LG rat pups? | will spend more time in correct quadrant - increase hippocampal connections and greater synaptic density in hippocampus |
| what is the cross fostering design? | take high LG mom pups -> give to high LG mom high LG mom pups -> give to low LG mom take low LG mom pups -> give to low LG mom take low LG mom pups -> give to high LG mom |
| what were the results of cross fostering? | the mom type pups were exposed to most recently was the type of LG behaviour they adopted and passed onto their offspring |
| what is mechanism of action? | a change in behaviour indicates a change in brain |
| what is epigenetics? | study of heritable changes in gene expression |
| what are epigenetics affected by? 5 | development, enviro, drugs, aging, diet |
| what does increase in dna methylation do to gene expression? | makes dna unreadable which decreases gene expression |
| are methylated genes less or more active than unmethylated genes? | less |
| what methylation does high LG have? | decrease/low |
| what methylation does low LG have? | increase/high |
| what receptors does methylation primarily effect? | glucocorticoid (HPA axis stress response in HPC) |
| what does oxytocin do? 2 | regulate reproductive and parental behaviour, regulates milk letdown response |
| where in the brain is oxytocin produced? 2 | mPOA, vBNST |
| what does oxytocin antagonist do to maternal behaviour? | disrupts its onset |
| does blocking oxytocin eliminate maternal behaviour? | no |
| what maternal behaviour is impaired when there is an oxytocin knockout? | pup retrieval |
| what cues guide pup retrieval? 2 senses | auditory and olfactory |
| retrieval behaviour is dependent on sensory input from? (what body part) | vibrassae (whiskers) |
| what does the whisking movement of whiskers allow for? | exploration of objects |
| what brain area is associated with whisking movement? | barrel cortex ->size of barrel of cortex area pertains to if there is a whisker connected to it a whisker = increase size of barrel cortex area |
| what test can you do to test whiskers and object exploration in rats? | differentiate objects based on texture alone: put mice in box with identical objects put mice in box with one of the identical objects and a new object if they can differentiate + have neophilia = will explore the new object more |
| how small of a difference can rats tell from texture? | 25 micrometers |
| what is disrupted in rats when injected with lidocaine in vibrissal pads? | retrieval behaviour |
| is retrieval behaviour affected with lidocaine is injected in rats elsewhere? | no |
| How long does it take for virgin rats to sensitize to pups? | 7 days |
| What behaviours do virgin rats exhibit once sensitization has occurred? 3 | Retrieval, build nests, licking and grooming, maternal behaviour |
| What sense is important in maternal behaviour? | Olfaction |
| How do you test the importance of sense of smell for maternal behaviour? | Inhibit with zinc surface up the nose in virgin rats = msternal behaviour starts shortly after exposure to pups due to abolishment of olfactory aversion |
| What is hysterectomize and ovariectomize? | Removal of fluctuating hormones |
| When you remove moms sense of smell do they still care for pups? | Yes |
| Which brain regions show significant activity in dams in response to pups? | mPOA and vBNST |
| Is this activity the same in virgin rats? | No, they show the same brain activity to pups as they do to candy |
| What do lesions in the mPOA and vBNST disrupt? | All maternal behaviour |
| What does implantation of estrogen in mPOA facilitate? | Maternal behaviour |
| Will any other hormone injection into mPOA facilitate maternal behaviour? | No |
| WHAT ARE 4 THINGS NECESSARY For maternal behaviour | Activation of mPOA, estrogen, oxytocin, sensory input (whiskers) |
| What is the role of oxytocin in humans ? 3 | bonding behaviour, facilitate approach behaviour, social affiliation, aggression, birth, milk let down |
| What is the difference between prairie voles and montain voles? | Prairie: lifetime monogamy, high density of oxytocin in brain Montain: serial daters, low oxytocin in brain |
| In what 2 brain regions is oxytocin concentrated? | medial prefrontal cortex, nucleus accumbus |
| What happens when you inhibit oxytocin in prairie voles? | Lifetime pair bonding disappears in favour of polygamy |
| What happens when you inject oxytocin into montain voles? | Lifetime pair bonding behaviour emerges |
Created by:
arayajoy