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Ch 13 Key Concepts
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| 1. When comparing levels of ACTH in the blood, ACTH levels during times of stress would be_________ during times of relaxation. - higher than -lower than -same as | higher than – page 509 |
| 2. Choose the example that demonstrates a positive feedback loop of hormonal control. | Oxytocin is a hormone responsible for milk ejection in lactating mother. Page 507 |
| 3. A hormone has a half-life of 20 minutes. After an hour,__________ percent of the original number of molecules remains. | 12.5 page 506 |
| 4. What effect does alcohol have on the hormonal control of urination? | Ethyl alcohol inhibits antidiuretic hormone ADH secretion – page 513 |
| 5. Why is oxytocin administered to women during childbirth? | To stimulate uterine contraction, including labor, if the uterus is not sufficiently contracting to expel the fetus. Page 513 |
| 6. How do the hormones T3 and T4 differ? | T3 is nearly five times more potent than T4, most of T4 is converted to T3, T3 has a much shorter half-life than T4, and has more T4 in circulation. Page 516 |
| 7. Upon examination, a tumor of the thyroid and performs a complete removal. What hormone will the patients need to be supplemented with? | Levothyroxine – page 514 |
| 8. High metabolic rate, skinny, and protruding eyes, are symptoms of what condition? | Hyperthyroidism page 516 |
| 9. The opposing roles of the thyroid and parathyroid hormones maintain the balance of calcium and phosphate ions in the blood. What will happen if the parathyroid gland develops a defect that prevents PTH secretion? | The amount of calcium ions and phosphate ions in the blood will decrease. Page 516-517 |
| 10. Which organ has both endocrine and exocrine functions? | Pancreas – page 525 |
| 11. A person has extreme difficulty falling asleep due to being exposed to bright lights during both night and day. The unusual pattern of light exposure is disturbing their__________, which is controlled by the hormone__________. | Circadian rhythm, Melatonin – page 528 |
| 12. Which of the following will increase as a result to stress? | The hypothalamus stimulates the sympathetic nervous system to raise the blood glucose concentration, the level of blood glycerol and fatty acids, heart rate, and blood pressure, and dilate the air passages. – page 530 |
| 13. A person has type 1 diabetes mellitus. What physiological effects might develop? | Weight declines, hunger increases, fatigue increases, wounds do not heal well, growth stops in children. PP slide 68-69 |
| 14. In response to high blood calcium levels, the thyroid gland releases a hormone that works to lower blood calcium. This is an example of which endocrine control method? | Calcitonin PP slide 47 |
| 15. Secretions that affect only nearby cells are termed_________. | Paracrine secretions – page 497 |
| 16. What does "endocrine" mean? | Internal secretion – page 497 |
| 17. What do all hormones have in common? | They are organic compounds – page 499 |
| 18. Where are hormones secreted by the posterior pituitary synthesized? | Hypothalamus page 508 |
| 19. An upregulated cell has an increase in__________. | Binding receptors in the target cell membrane – page 504 |
| 20. What controls most hormone concentrations? | Negative feedback page 507 |
| 21. A hormone with an effect that lasts for days would have a__________. | Long half life or long lasting effect – page 496 |
| 22. What are tropic hormones? | Hormones that stimulates another endocrine gland to release a hormone- page 983 |
| 23. What do nerve fibers in the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland secrete? | Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) also known as vasopressin and oxytocin (OT) page 512 |
| 24. What is another name for antidiuretic hormone? | Vasopressin page 512 |
| 25. Melanocyte-stimulating hormone, which regulates the formation of melanin, is produced by the_________. | Intermediate lobe in the fetus between the anterior and posterior lobes of the pituitary gland – page 508 |
| 26. ADH and oxytocin are secreted by__________. | Hypothalamus – page 512 |
| 27. Growth hormone signals the release of IGF-1 from the__________. | Liver cell – page 510 |
| 28. Growth hormone stimulates the release of__________. | Aspects of metabolism and elongation of bone tissue page 510 |
| 29. What endocrine gland secretes triiodothyronine? | Thyroid gland - 514 |
| 30. What hormone stimulates calcium deposition into bone? | Calcitonin – page 516 |
| 31. What hormone secreted by the adrenal medulla? | Epinephrine and norepinephrine page 506 |
| 32. Where is the pineal gland located? | Between the cerebral hemispheres, attached to the upper portion of the thalamus near the roof of the third ventricle - page 528 |
| 33. What hormone is secreted by the pineal gland? | Melatonin – page 528 |
| 34. Discuss thymus gland secretion of hormones | Secretes a group of hormones thymosin that affect production and differentiation of white blood cells (T lymphocytes) – page 528 |
| 35. Molecules that are produced within one tissue that then regulate another tissue within the same organ are called_________ secretions. | Paracrine – page 497 |
| 36. What stimulates the release of hormones from the adrenal cortex? | Adrenocorticotropic Hormones ACTH – PP 38 – page 522 |
| 37. Where is the thyroid gland located? | Inferior to the larynx (voice box) and anterior to the trachea (windpipe) - page 514 |
| 38. What can cause downregulation of a target cell? | A prolonged increase in hormone levels – page 500 |
| 39. What is an action of growth hormone? | Protein that promotes tissue growth by stimulating its target cell to enlarge and divide more rapidly – page 510 |
| 40. What is a common symptom of Graves' Disease? | Exophthalmia, protruding of the eyes – page 516 |
| 41. Graves' disease, the most common form of hyperthyroidism, is caused by__________. | Swelling in the tissues behind the eyes – page 516 |
| 42. What is an action of the thyroid hormone? | Major factor determining how many calories the body must consume at rest to maintain life measured by basal metabolic rate (BMR) – page 514 |
| 43. What is the cause infantile hypothyroidism? | Insufficient thyroid hormones during infancy and early childhood – page 516 |
| 44. What is the most common cause of hyperparathyroidism? | A tumor – page 519 Table 13.9 |
| 45. When comparing the nervous system to the endocrine system, which of the following applies to the endocrine system? | -endocrine releases hormones into the bloodstream that circulates everywhere in the body- page 498 |
| 46. What is a cause of Type 2 diabetes mellitus? | Most affect individuals are overweight – page 527 |
| 47. What is the cause of Type 1 diabetes mellitus? | An autoimmune disease -page 527 |
| 48. With age, levels of GH_________ and levels of ADH__________. | -lessen with age declining strength in the skeleton and muscle -increase with age due to slowed elimination by the liver and kidneys stimulating the kidney to absorb water -page 531 |
| 49. As a result of the general stress response, blood concentrations of epinephrine__________ and blood concentrations of cortisol_________. | -intensifies and prolongs sympathetic actions - increases the concentration of blood amino acids – PP slide 76 |
| 50. What is the action of glucagon? | A protein that stimulates the liver to break down glycogen into glucose and convert noncarbohydrates (amino acids) into glucose (gluconeogenesis) – page 525 |
| 51. What is the action of insulin? | A protein that stimulates the liver to form glycogen from glucose for conversion of noncarbohydrates into glucose – page 525 |
| 52. What is the action of cortisol? | Decrease protein synthesis, increase fatty acid release, and stimulates glucose synthesis from noncarbohydrates – PP 59 |
| 53. Why is cortisol useful in controlling inflammatory reactions? | Cortisol decreases the permeability of capillaries. . – page 524 |
| Chapter 13 Key Concepts Jamie Garrison |
Created by:
RobisonS