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Central Dogma

Genetics

QuestionAnswer
genetics The study of how traits are passed from one generation to the next.
trait A physical characteristic of an organism.
allele One form of a gene.
gene A segment of DNA that provides the code for a trait.
nucleotide The building block of DNA and RNA, it consists of a sugar, a phosphate and a base.
base-pairing The premise that adenine (A) always pairs with thymine (T) and cytosine (C) always pairs with guanine (G) in DNA.
double helix The shape of DNA - it looks like a twisted ladder.
replication The process of making an exact copy of DNA. It occurs in S phase of interphase of the cell cycle.
DNA Polymerase The main replication enzyme, it adds bases to unzipped DNA, following base pair rules.
messenger RNA Messenger RNA carries the code, in a sequence of bases, to the ribosome. It provides the code to make a protein.
ribosomal RNA Ribosomal RNA is in the ribosome and helps in the manufacturing of amino acid chains.
transfer RNA Transfer RNA carries an amino acid to the ribosome to add to the chain.
transcription The process of rewriting DNA into mRNA.
translation The process of making an amino acid chain using the code in mRNA.
RNA polymerase The main enzyme that adds bases to the mRNA molecule, using base pairing rules.
codon A three letter nucleotide code for an amino acid on mRNA.
anticodon A three letter nucleotide code on a transfer RNA molecule.
autosome Chromosomes numbered 1-22, that are not sex chromosomes.
karyotype A diagram that shows all of the chromosomes that an individual has. It can be used to identify individuals with extra or missing chromosomes.
mutation Any change in DNA.
 



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