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Cytology
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Valuable tool in veterinary diagnostics... | evaluation of ear cytology, staging estrus, evaluating semen, fluid aspirates and centesis, differentiating inflammatory lesions from neoplastic |
| Tissues used in cytology... | connective, epithelial, mesothelial, nervous, muscle, organ |
| Aids in diagnosing and treatment planning between... | normal tissue, reactive tissue, inflammatory masses, neoplastic diseases |
| what are the basic sampling techniques? | scraping, acetate tape test, swabbing, manual collection, fine needle aspiration, centesis, tissue biopsy, Transtrachial wash/bronchioalveolar lavage, CSF taps, bone marrow aspirates |
| disadvantages of cytology examination.. | quality control concerns, too few cells, contamination from blood, poor smear preparation |
| results may... | establish outright diagnosis, identify agent, help rule out certain causes, help determine next steps |
| when is scrapping used? | used on tissue collected during necropsy, surgery, or external lesion |
| advantage of scrapping.. | excellent harvest cells |
| disadvantage of scrapping.. | contamination, increased cell damage, technique used on surface/orifice areas only. |
| how to handle the scalpel blade during the procedure of scrapping? | sterile scalpel blade held perpendicular or at a slight angle to the lesion |
| when is acetate tape test used? | used to evaluate surface bacterial, yeast, or parasitic infection |
| when is the swab technique used? | open sores, fistulous tracts, vaginal smears, ear canal sample collection |
| when should rayon swabs be used? | used for collection of samples to be cultured |
| why can't we just use cotton swabs for all testing? | cotton may inhibit growth of some bacteria |
| Moisten with sterile ___ physiological saline | 0.9% |
| swabs of ______ lesions should be taken ______ and immediately after cleaning the site | fistulated, before |
| advantages of swabbing... | method is quick, easy, and relatively inexpensive, little restraint necessary, minimal discomfort to animal, cell harvest usually good |
| disadvantage of swabbing.. | contamination |
| otic (ear) swabs and cytology evaluation... | inflammation, infectious agents, neoplasia |
| normal findings on ear cytology.. | minimally cellular, small amount of poorly staining cerumen is often the only finding, small number of cocci or yeast |
| low number of keratinized anucleated squamous epithelial cells | minimally cellular |
| what are the reasons for getting an infection (otitis externa)? | moisture, inflammation of the external ear canal, frequent secondary bacterial and yeast infections, predisposition of dogs with pendulous ears |
| diagnosis often based on clinical signs for ear infection.. | hyperemia, discharge, exudate, odor |
| cytology result for ear swab | large number of bacteria, large number of yeast, mixed population of rods and cocci, inflammatory cells, intracellular bacteria, mites |
| treatment of ear infections.. | treat underlying cause, may do a flush, drying agents, topical ceruminolytics, topical or systemic anti-inflammatories , topical or systemics antibiotics, prevent self trauma |
| behavioral signs of and ear infection.. | head shacking, pawing at ear, head tilt, circling, facial nerve paralysis, Horner's syndrome |
| surgical treatment for ear infections... | lateral wall resection, total ear canal ablation |
| purulent, pale yellow, thick, sweet, odor (ear discharge) | gram negative bacteria |
| light brown, creamy (ear discharge) | gram positive bacteria |
| yellow to brown thick exudate, distinctive odor (ear discharge) | yeast |
| evaluation can aid in diagnosis of neurological disorders | CSF taps |
| procedure for CSF | anesthetize, shave site, collect CSF fluid drops into sterile collection |
| CSF | cerebrospinal taps |
| what should you hear/feel when advancing the needle through the skin? | pop as it goes through the ligament |
| which vacutainer does the CSF go into after collected? | red top vacutainer |
| most common collection sites for CSF... | atlanto-occipital space, lumbar puncture |
| 20-22 gauge spinal needle inserted into the _________ caudal to the ________ _________ along the midline (which procedure is this for) | depression. occipital condyles, procedure is atlanto-occipital space |
| land marks for a lumbar puncture? | wings of ilium, dorsal spinous processes of lumbar and sacral vertebrae |
| what happens if you advance the needle in to far when doing a lumbar puncture? | if advance further, will enter into subarachnoid space for injection of spinal anesthetics |
| CSF volume for a dog | 3ml |
| CSF volume for a puppy | 0.5-1ml |
| CSF volume for a cat | 1ml |
| CSF volume for a kitten | 0.5ml |
| CSF analysis | biochemical testing may also be needed, total cellularity, do total RBC count with hemocytometer |
| CSF analysis: due to low cell count the fluid is ___________ to concentrate the cells so that a ______ can be made for cytology | centrifuged, smear |
| what cells are not normally found in a CSF and when would we see them? | neutrophils unless the tap was traumatic |
| variety of inflammatory disorders can occur during an CSF include: | bacterial meningitis, feline infectious peritonitis, toxoplasmosis |
| _________ cells are rare finding in CSF | neoplastic |
| risks of CSF collection | herniation of the cerebellum through the foramen magnum, chance of inserting collection needle into cerebellum/brain stem |
| TTW | Transtracheal wash |
| BAL | bronchoalveolar lavage |
| discover what process is resulting in pulmonary disease and to determine the cause of disease in the lungs/airway | TTW and BAL purpose |
| what is the goal of a TTW and BAL | to obtain mucous secretions and cellular samples from the trachea, bronchi and bronchioles |
| what would you see during a TTW and BAL to suggest a chronic bronchiolar problem | eosinophilic, spiral mucus cast from small bronchioles |
| TTW,BAL: 2 methods to obtain samples | percutaneous technique, orotracheal technique |
| site for a percutaneous technique | ventral aspect of the larynx |
| aids in diagnosis of diseases affecting the upper airway | nasal flush |
| what to look for in horse | equine influenza, equine asthma, strangles |
| what to look for in dogs | canine distemper, COPD, pneumonia, eosinophilic bronchopneumopathy, lung tumors |
| what to look for in cats | feline herpes virus, feline calicivirus, feline chlamydiosis, crypotococcus sp, aspergillus sp, histoplasma sp, blastomyces sp |
| what to look for in cows | manheimia sp, pasturella multocida, histophilus sp, mycoplasma sp, biberstein sp, bovine respiratory syncytial, parainfluenza- 3 virus |
| cells commonly found in exfoliative cytology... | neutrophil (degenerating or dying), eosinophils, lymphocytes (in plasma), macrophages (often with other stuff inside), mesothelial cells, mast cells , RBC |
| loss of nuclear membrane | karyolysis |
| fragmentation of cell nucleus | karyorrhexis |
| vacuoles may contain phagocytized material | bacteria, cells (RBC), debris |
| flattened epithelial cells of mesenchymal origin that line the body's cavities (pleural, peritoneal, joint), and visceral surface | mesothelial cells |
| muscular, connective tissue, and vessels that are derived from the embryonic connective tissue in the mesoderm | mesenchymal |
| best known for their role in allergy and anaphylaxis | mast cells |
| possible cytology outcomes... | normal, reactive/hyperactive, cystic, neoplastic, inflammatory |
| Dormant and active cells are differentiated based on... | cell size, nuclear size, appearance of the nucleus, cytoplasmic granularity, presence of mitotic figures |
| which responds to a stimulus but return to normal once the stimulus has been removed | reactive cells |
| initially show similar changes to reactive cells, but changes continue long after stimulus is removed | neoplastic cells |
| cardinal signs... | swelling, redness, pain, heat, loss of function |
| cytology inflammation can be classified as: | purulent inflammation (most common), pyogranulomatous inflammation, granulomatous inflammation, eosinophilic inflammation |
| inflammatory lesions | acute (sudden onset), subacute, chronic active, chronic (long-standing) |
| non-inflammatory, non-neoplastic | cysts, hyperplasia, dysplasia, hematomas, seroma |
| hypersegmentation of neutrophils found in... | iron deficiency, chronic infection, liver disease |
| a gentle disposition, showing kindness, not malignant, not recurrent, favorable for recovery | benign tumor |
| tending or threatening to produce death, tending to become worse and end in death, having properties of anaplasia, invasiveness, and metastasis | malignant tumor |
Created by:
gibson12