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Unit 5

TermDefinition
Positivism Knowledge comes from objective observations and data
Positivism on epistemological positions All are inadequate
Interpretivism Knowledge comes from subjective observations and qualitative data
Interpretivism is the opposite of Positivism
Heisenberg uncertainty principle: can't be certain about Knowledge derived from data
Scientific skepticism Suspend judgement until evidence verifies the claim
Scientific skepticism: the position is Scientifically acceptable
Cynicism retains: Incredulity despite evidence
Cynicism: the position is: Scientifically unacceptable
Subjective observation: influenced by: Observer's inherent biases
Objective observation: works to: Minimize the observer's inherent biases
Unsystematic observation Informally noticing everyday life phenomena
Systematic observation Formalized inspection of phenomena governed by rules
Naturalistic systematic observation: Observe phenomena w/o manipulating the IV
Controlled systematic observation: Observe phenomena while manipulating the IV
Obtrusive AKA: Intrusive
Obtrusive observation What is being observed is aware of the observer
Unobtrusive observation Technique to minimize observer influences over Bx
Direct observation Measuring actual Bx
Indirect observation Measuring some "index" of the actual Bx
Accuracy: Observations correspond to: True values
Validity: Observations correspond to: Established criterion
Reliability: Observations correspond to: One another
Nonexperimental science: Observation w/o variable manipulation
Experimental science: Observation with variable manipulation
Mill's method of agreement: Isolates variables common to different situations
Mill's method of difference: Isolates dissimilar variables in similar situations producing different outcomes
Mill's joint method: Part 1 Isolates possible causal variables using method of agreement
Mill's joint method: Part 2 Manipulates variables using method of difference
Mill's method of concomitant variation: What happens? 1 phenomenon changes b/c of another
Mill's method of concomitant variation: When something changes 1 is the cause or effect of another
Multiple causation: More than 1 cause is either Necessary but not sufficient or vice versa
Historical causation: causes are either (2) 1. Temporarily distal 2. Result of ambiguous conditioning histories
Reductionism Reduce phenomenon into its component parts
Holism See the whole organism, object, or event
Molar reinforcement theory: Bx is best understood as Aggregate (group) actions over time
Interpretivism AKA Antipositivism
Heisenberg uncertainty principle AKA Principle of Uncertainty
Types of Systematic (formal) observation 1. Naturalistic 2. Controlled
Modes of Systematic objective observation (2) 1. Obtrusive 2. Unobtrusive
Tools of systematic objective observations (2) 1. Nonhuman instruments 2. Human instruments
Trustworthiness of observations: considerations 1. Accuracy 2. Validity 3. Reliability
Mill's methods: Method of (4) 1. Agreement 2. Difference 3. Joint Agreement/Difference 4. Concomitant variation
Essentialist vs Hume: Essentialists position Causes are in the organism
Essentialist vs Hume: Hume's Position Causes are in the environment
Hume's rules for inferring causation: #1 Cause precedes effect
Hume's rules for inferring causation: #2 Cause and effect are contiguous in time
Hume's rules for inferring causation: #3 Cause and effect are contiguous in space
Hume's rules for inferring causation: #4 Consistent covariation b/w cause and effect
Hume's rules for inferring causation: #5 Cause produces reliable effect
Functional relation: Amendable to: Pragmatists
Functional relation refers to: Covariations
Cause and effect: Amenable to: Realists
Cause and effect refers to: Absolute
Holism AKA: Anti-reductionism
Behavior analysis: Levels of explanation (2) 1. Molar 2. Molecular
Created by: ashlie2022
 

 



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