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chem 105 exam
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| theory | set of tested hypotheses that gives overall explanation. attempt to explain why |
| natural law | narrow statement that summarizes an observation seen over multiple systems |
| tera (T) | 10^12 |
| giga (G) | 10^9 |
| mega (M) | 10^6 |
| kilo (K) | 10^3 |
| deci (d) | 10^-1 |
| centi (c) | 10^-2 |
| mili (m) | 10^-3 |
| micro | 10^-6 |
| nano (n) | 10^-9 |
| volume | unit derived from length |
| mass | measure of resistance of an object in state of motion. it is constant no matter where you are |
| weight | force exerted on an object by gravity. it is dependent on location |
| certain digits | values that are the same no matter who makes the measurement |
| uncertain digits | values that must be estimated |
| precision | reproducibility of a measurement |
| accuracy | how close a measurement is to the true value |
| random error | equal probability of a measurement being high or low |
| systematic error | occurs in the same direction every time |
| sig fig rules | 1. nonzero values always significant 2. leading zeros aren't significant 3. captive zeros are significant 4. trailing zeros only significant if there is a decimal 5. exact numbers have infinite figs (exact counting and values, integers in formula) |
| sig figs in multiplication and division | same number of sig figs as the number with the fewest |
| sig figs in addition and subtraction | same number of decimal places as the quantity with the fewest decimal places |
| absolute zero | 0K where all molecular motion stops |
| K conversion | K = C + 273.15 |
| C conversion | C = (F - 32) / 1.8 |
| F conversion | F = (1.8)(C) + 32 |
| density | d= (m/v) = (g/cm^3) = (g/mL) same size independent but temperature dependent |
| when does density decrease? | when temperature increases because increase in volume |
| matter | anything with mass and occupying space |
| solid | rigid, fixed volume and shape, slightly compressible |
| liquid | definite volume, takes shape of container, slightly compressible |
| gas | no fixed volume or shape, highly compressible |
| pure substance | compound of 1 type of element or molecule |
| mixture | consists of 2+ pure substances |
| homogeneous mixture | visibly indistinguishable parts (same throughout) |
| heterogeneous mixture | visibly distinguishable parts (different throughout) |
| law of definite proportions | a given compound always contains exactly the same proportion of elements by mass EX: H20 always 2H atoms and 1O atom |
| law of multiple proportions | its possible for elements to combine in different ratios to form different compounds EX: CO, CO2 |
| dalton's atomic theory | 1. elements made of atoms 2. atoms of a given element are identical 3. chemical formed when atoms of different elements combine 4. chem rxn involve reorganization of atoms - change in bonding |
| JJ Thompson | measured charge to mass ratio of electrons - determined that they were negatively charged. cathode ray tube experiments |
| plum pudding model of an atom | negative particles are randomly dispersed in a cloud of positive charge |
| Millikans oil drop experiment | allowed for the measurement of charge of an electron. resulted in the calculation of electrons mass |
| Rutherfords - gold foil experiment | led to the nuclear model of the atom - composed of nucleus and electrons. Discovered that plum pudding model not consistent with the actual structure |
| atomic number | number of protons and number electrons if neutral charge |
| mass number | sum of protons and neutrons |
| isotope | atoms of the same element with a different mass number. same number of protons, different number of neutrons |
| chemical bonds | forces that hold atoms together in compounds |
| covalent bonds | sharing of electrons between atoms |
| ionic bonds | result from a transfer of electrons |
| ion | atom or group of atoms that has a net charge |
| cation | positively charged ion formed from the loss of electrons by an atom. metals form cations |
| anion | negatively charged ions formed by the gain of electrons by an atom. nonmetals form anions |
| ionic bonding | held together by the attractive forces between oppositely charged ions |
| transition metals | groups 3-12 |
| alkali metals | group 1A give up 1 electron to form +1 charge when reacting with nonmetals |
| alkaline earth metals | group 2A give up 2 electrons to form +2 charge |
| halogens | gain 1 electron when reacting with metals |
| nobel gases | group 8A exist under normal conditions as monatomic gases generaaly inert (not reactive) |
| metal properties | good conductors malleable ductile shiny lose electrons to form cations |
| nonmetal properties | poor conductors gain electrons to form anions when react with metals form covalent bonds with nonmetals |
| type 1 binary ionic compounds | consist of a cation and an anion |
| naming type 1 compound | 1. name cation first 2. monatomic cation- name as the element 3. monatomic anion- take root name of element and add -ide |
| type 2 binary ionic compounds | has cation that has multiple forms or charges (generally transition metals) |
| naming type 2 compound | 1. must include roman numeral indicating the charge 2. criss cross the charges when writing it out |
| polyatomic ions | contain 2+ atoms and have overall charge |
| type 3 binary covalent compounds | contains nonmetals, no ions, must use prefixes to indicate the number of atoms |
| naming type 3 covalent compounds | 1. name first element first with full name 2. second element is names as an anion 3. prefixes are used to indicate number of each type of atom 4. mono is NEVER used for the first element |
| H | hydrogen |
| He | helium |
| Li | lithium |
| Be | beryllium |
| B | boron |
| C | carbon |
| N | nitrogen |
| O | oxygen |
| F | fluorine |
| Ne | neon |
| Na | sodium |
| Mg | magnesium |
| Al | aluminum |
| Si | silicon |
| P | phosphorus |
| S | sulfur |
| Cl | chlorine |
| Ar | argon |
| K | potassium |
| Ca | calcium |
| Sc | scandium |
| Ti | titanium |
| V | vanadium |
| Cr | chromium |
| Mn | manganese |
| Fe | iron |
| Co | cobalt |
| Ni | nickel |
| Cu | copper |
| Zn | Zinc |
| Ga | gallium |
| Ge | germanium |
| As | arsenic |
| Se | selenium |
| Br | bromine |
| Kr | krypton |
| Pd | palladium |
| Ag | silver |
| Sn | tin |
| I | iodine |
| Pt | platinum |
| Au | gold |
| Pb | lead |
| U | uranium |
| Pu | plutonium |
Created by:
mbtriple
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