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Unit 4 AP Human Geo
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| In the past 400 years, what FIVE things have changed the world map? | Global forces, wars, changing ideas about political power, economics, self-rule |
| What are the FOUR criteria that define a state? | Has a defined boundary, contains a permanent population, maintains sovereignty over its domestic and international affairs, is recognized by other states |
| Country | Used to describe any political entity that is independent from the control of any other entity |
| State | Largest political unit, formal term for a country |
| Nation | A group of people who share a common language, history, and culture |
| Sovereignty | The power of a political unit to rule over its own affairs |
| Nation-state | A state made up of a single, unified nation |
| Multinational | States that contain multiple cultures and ethnicities within |
| State | Its boundaries and most modern countries fit this definition to a greater or lesser degree |
| Autonomous state | Autonomous describes region within a state that have a great deal of authority to operate independently of their national government |
| Stateless nation | A group of people who share common cultural values and history but lack formal state |
| Multi state nation | A single nation living in more than one state |
| Nationalism | A nations desire to create and maintain aa state of its own |
| Define colonialism | Particular type of imperialism in which people move into and settle on the land of another country |
| Define imperialism | Broader concept: it includes a variety of ways of influencing another country or group of people, by direct conquest, by economic control, or by cultural dominance. |
| How did European powers justify colonialism? | Terra Nullius - land belonging to no one |
| What did European powers hope to do in what they considered the "uncivilized” parts of the world? | Disposition of indigenous people |
| What led to decolonization after World War II? | Cultural and political boundaries do not match |
| What is neocolonialism? | Colonizations where colonies gained political independence but not economical. |
| What caused so much conflict in the years that followed African independence? | Independence was won by colonies rather than by culture groups, these boundaries imposed by Europe remained newly independent |
| What was the Cold War and how did it play out across the globe? | The Cold War was a period of diplomatic, political, and military rivalry between the U.S. and Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. It played out across the globe by fighting in different areas such as Africa and Latin America. |
| What led to the global collapse of communism in the 1980s and 1990s? | The political boundaries were altered |
| How did political boundaries change as a result of the collapse of communism? | Created a power vacuum |
| How did the balance of power in the world shift when communism collapsed? And how did the political map of the world change? | The Soviet Union lost control over Europe and the political map changed by NATO expanded |
| Name FOUR things that affect the political landscape | Economic systems, cultural patterns, cultural process, and political systems |
| Define geopolitics | Study of the effects of geography on politics and relation among states |
| Organic theory | When they need nourishment and living space to survive |
| Heartland theory | Land-based power was essential in achieving global domination |
| Rimland theory | Power is derived from controlling strategic maritime areas of the world |
| Defined boundary | One established by a legal document such asa treaty that divides one entity from another (invisible line). The entity could range from a country to a single plot of real estate. |
| Delimited boundary | A line drawn on a map to show limits of a space |
| Demarcated boundary | One identified by physical objects placed on the landscape. The demarcation may be as simple as a sign or as complex as a set of fences and walls. |
| Natural boundary | Base on physical features to separate entities |
| Geometric boundary | Straight line drawn by people that does not follow any physical feature closely |
| Cultural boundary | Based on human traits or behavior, so it often exist in the midst of a gradual chance over space. |
| What is irredentism? | A policy of cultural extension and potential political expansion by a country aimed at a group of its nationals living in a neighboring country |
| Antecedent boundary | A boundary drawn before a large population was present |
| Subsequent boundary | A boundary draw to accommodate religious, ethnic, linguistic, or economic differences |
| Relic boundary | A boundary that no longer exists, but evidence of it still exists on the landscape |
| Superimposed boundary | A boundary drawn by outside powers |
| Open boundary | A boundary where crossing is unimpeded |
| Example of Antecedent boundary | Native American reserves |
| Example of Subsequent boundary | Northern Ireland border |
| Example of Relic boundary | The Great Wall of China |
| Example of Superimposed boundary | Division of Kurdistan |
| Example of Superimposed boundary | United States and Canada |
| Territorial Sea | Up to 12 nautical miles of sovereignty; commercial vessels may pass, but non commercial vessels may be challenged. |
| Contiguous Zone | Costal states have limited sovereignty for up to 24 nautical miles, where they can enforce laws on customs, immigration, and sanitation. |
| Exclusive Economic Zone | Coastal states can explore and extract minerals, and manage up to 200 nautical miles. This is important because it gives states exclusive national claims to offshore minerals and biological resources, which are often crucial for a state’s economy. |
| High Seas | Water beyond the EEZ is open to all states. |
| Define electorate | In representative democracies, citizens vote for leaders to govern on their behalf. |
| What is reapportionment? Who is responsible for this process? | Reapportionment is changing the number of representative granted each state so it reflects state population. The government is responsible for this process. |
| What is redistricting? Who is responsible for this process? | Redistricting is the state legislatures then redraw district boundaries so that each district contains roughly the same number of people. This process is known as redistricting. |
| What is gerrymandering? | The drawing of boundaries for political districts by the party or group in power to extend or cement their advantage. |
| Cracking | Dispersing a group into several districts to prevent a majority |
| Packing | Combining like-minded voters into one district to prevent them from affecting elections in other districts |
| Stacking | Diluting a minority populated district with majority populations |
| Hijacking | Redrawing two districts in order to force two elected representatives of the same party to run against each other |
| Kidnapping | Moving an area where an elected representative has support to an area where he or she does not have support |
| Define shatterbelt. Give an example of a region that has Historically been a shatterbelt region. | A shatterbelt is when a region suffers instability because it is located between two very different regions. Eastern Europe has historically been a shatterbelt between Western Europe and Russia. |
| Federal authority of the government | Shared between the central government and provincial, state, and local governments |
| Federal hierarchy of power | Multiple levels of power; power diffused throughout the hierarchy |
| Federal - Type of Country Where Commonly Used | Multiple ethnic groups with significant minorities |
| Unitary authority of the government | Held primarily by the central government with very little power given to local governments |
| Unitary hierarchy of power | No hierarchy of sovereign powers |
| Unitary - Type of Country Where Commonly Used | Few cultural differences and small minorities |
| Compact state | Compact states are those with a minimum of variation in distance between the center and peripheral boundaries of the state. The country may appear like a circle or a square. Transportation and communication are relatively easy in a compact country. |
| Elongated state | Elongated states simply have a national territory that is long and narrow. |
| Prorupted state | Prorupted states are states that have a relatively compact core region, with a long territorial extension. |
| Perforated state | Perforated states are countries where one state completely encircles another. |
| Fragmented state | Fragmented states are divided into multiple pieces of territory, separated by water bodies or other states. These are usually islands, but not always. |
| Define globalization | Integration of markets, states, communication, and trade on a worldwide scale. |
| How is globalization challenged the sovereignty of states? | Political borders have been less significant |
| What was Arab Spring? How did it begin? | A pro-democracy demonstrations and rebellion that began in late 2010. It began with anti government demonstration in Tunisia. |
| Define supranationalism | When multiple countries form an organization to collectively achieve greater benefits for all members |
| Why do supranational organizations form? | To create a military alliance, promote trade, or even combat an environmental problem |
| UN mission | Taking on issues facing humanity such as peace and security |
| NATO mission | Mutual defense of member states |
| EU mission | Political and economic integration of member states |
| NAFTA mission | Free trade among members |
| What is an economy of scale? | The cost advantages of conducting economic activity on such a large scale |
| Define horizontal integration | Occurs when a corporation merges with another corporation that produces similar products or services |
| Define vertical integration | Occurs when a corporation merges with another corporation involved in different steps of production |
| What is devolution? | Transfer of political power from the central government to subnational levels of government mostly follows regional lines |
| Identify and explain FIVE factors that can cause devolution | Physical geography, social issues, ethnic separatism, terrorism, and economics |
| What is subnationalism? | Describes people who have a primary allegiance to a tradition group ethnicity |
| What is Balkanization? | Fragmentation of a state or region into smaller often hostile units along ethnolinguistic line |
| What is democratization? | Democratization, the transition from autocratic to more representative forms of politics, by helping reform movements to communicate in China, Iran, Egypt, and other countries where the government has tried to limit the spread of information |
Created by:
yhs