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tissue that supports, binds or separates more specialized tissues and organs
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Connective tissue consists of
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Connective Tissue

Week 4

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tissue that supports, binds or separates more specialized tissues and organs Connective organs
Connective tissue consists of cells and ECM
protein fibers (collagen, elastic, and reticular) and an amorphous component containing specialized molecules (proteoglycans, multi-adhesive glycoproteins, and GAGs) that constitute the ground substance ECM
Connective tissue in bound by basal laminae of epithelia
Support Binds tissue repair defense (immune function) Nutrition Insulation Protection Functions of connective tissue
Forms the stroma of organs support
functional unit; epithelium, nerve, muscle Parenchyma
ground substance and fibers ECM
-highly vascularized and innervated -directly supplied by lymphatic vessels -all derived from messenchyme General features of connective tissue
exception to vascularized connective tissue cartilage
-Fibroblasts -Myofibroblasts -Macrophages -Adipocytes -Stem cells -Mast cells Resident/permanent cells
-Lymphocyte -Plasma cell -Neutrophil -Monocyte -Basophil -Eosinophil Wandering/transient cells
consists primarily of cells that have migrated into tissue from blood in response to specific stimuli Wandering/transient cells
-most common cell in connective tissue -reside close to collagen fibers -synthesize all extracellular fibers -synthesize and maintain ground substance Fibroblasts
In H&E, only nucleus is visible -appears as elongated or disc-like structure -cytoplasm not usually visible Fibroblasts
-Derived from monocytes -migrate to connective tissue and differentiate to macrophages -Phagocytic; produce cytokines -Antigen presenting cells; multinuclear giant cells Macrophages
Kupffer cells Microglia Osteoclasts Histiocytes Langerhans cells Different macrophage titles -Liver, brain, bone, connective tissue, and skin
indented or kidney-shaped nucleus, lysosomes abundant in cytoplasm irregular CM/ cytoplasmic extensions (pseudopodia) Macrophages
-originate in bone marrow (then lack cytoplasmic granules) -migrate to connective tissue or lamina propria or mucosae -proliferate and accumulate cytoplasmic granules in connective tissue -secretory products contained w/in granules Mast cells
-Secretory products w/in granules include histamine, heparin, proteases, eosinophil, neutrophil, and chemotactic factors -_________________ & basophils circulating in blood derived from same progenitor in bone marrow Mast cells
-Has IgE antibodies on surface (allergic reactions) -exhibits metachromasia -PAS + because of glycoprotein nature Mast cells
-granules w/in mast cells stain different color from color of dye initially used -due to change in electronic structure of dye after binding granule metachromasia
Functions: -mechanical support -structural support -influence extracellular communication -tensile strength -act as biochemical barrier and regulate metabolic functions of cells surrounded by matrix -stores water Ground substance
-clear, viscous substance w/slippery feel and high water content -found btw cells and fibers- space filler -can be fluid, semi-fluid, gelatin-like or calcified -contains GAGs, proteoglycans, and MAG ground substance
-most abundant polysaccharide in ground substance -long & unbranched -highly negative -has carboxyl and sulfate group on sugar molecules -stains well w/basic dyes -permits rapid diffusion of water-soluble molecules Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs)
-extremely long and rigid GAG -can hold large amount of water -only GAG that IS NOT sulfated and not modified posttranslationally -abundant in cartilage Hyaluronan
are responsible for physical properties of ground substance GAGs
-composed of GAGs covalently attached to core proteins -functions to link cells to ECM Proteoglycans
within ______________, GAGs extend perpendicularly from core protein in brush-like manner -core protein has sites for multiple GAG attachments Proteoglycans
contains both chondroitin sulfate and keratan sulfate (proteoglycans) Aggrecan
-have binding site for ECM proteins like collagen -have binding sites for other ECM components like GAGs and proteoglycans Multi-adhesive glycoproteins (MAGs)
Function: -stabilize ECM and link it to surface of connective tissue cells -regulate cell movement and migration -regulate cell differentiation and proliferation Multi-adhesive glycoproteins (MAGs)
MAG that is the most abundant glycoprotein -aids in cell to ECM attachment Fibronectin
MAG that is present in basal lamina Laminin
-MAG present in bone tissue -helps attach osteoclasts to bone surface Osteoponin
-MAG that is important in wound healing -most important during embryogenesis Tenascin
-strong and resilient to pulling and stretch -most abundant type of fibers in connective tissue -long, unbranched, thick and wavy -type I is most abundant Collagen
-provide mechanical strength (tendons, bonds- type I) -provides resistance to pressure (cartilage- type II) -provides scaffolding for cells (reticular-type III) Fibrillar collagen
collagen type IV collagen, VI, VII Basement membrane collagen
-appears eosinophilic w/H&E dyes -produced by fibroblasts: chondrocytes (cartilage), osteoblasts (bone), and pericytes (blood vessels) Collagen
scar raised more than normal, but w/in original wound boundary Hypertrophic scar
increased collagen production leads to scar extending into surrounding tissue (beyond original wound boundary) Keloid scar
-long, thin, and branching -allow tissues to respond to stretch and distension -composed of cross-linked elastin molecules and network of fibrillin microfibrils w/associated proteins (EMILIN-1 & MAGP-1) Elastic
composed of AA: glycine, proline, desmosine and isodesmosine (lysine-like) Elastin molecules
elastin molecules are connected by desmosine and isodesmosine
elastic property of the elastin molecule is related to unusual polypeptide backbone (abundant hydrophobic regions), which causes random coiling
found in large arteries, elastic cartilage, vocal ligament, bronchi, ligamentum flavum, suspensory ligament of penis, skin Elastin
special staining required- orcein, resorcin, or Verhoeff's elastin
produced by smooth muscle cells (blood vessels), endothelial cells (blood vessels), and chondrocytes (cartilage) elastin
-contains type III collagen fibers -short, thin and highly branched -argyrophilic- high affinity for silver nitrate stains -stains well w/PAS -1st type of collagen synthesized during wound healing Reticular fibers
-forms basement membrane & basal lamina -secreted by fibroblasts -secreted by reticular cells (hemopoietic & lymphatic tissues), Schwann cells (peripheral nerves), & smooth muscle cells (tunica media of blood vessels; and muscularis of alimentary canal) Reticular fibers
Functions: -form supporting network for cellular constituents of various tissues and organs -hemopoietic and lymphatic tissue (bone marrow, lymph nodes, spleen) -liver -endocrine tissue -nerve tissue reticular fibers
embryonic connective tisse mesenchyme and mucous connective tissue
loose connective tissue dense connective tissue -regular -irregular connective tissue proper
-cartilage -bone -adipose tissue -blood -hemopoietic tissue -lymphatic tissue specialized connective tissue
-gives rise to all connective tissue types -primarily found in embryo -________ cells: -stem cells -small, spindle-shaped, grossly homogenous -tapered ends that make contact w/neighbor cells via gap junctions Mesenchyme
-ground substance: viscous and abundant -reticular fibers (sparsely arranged) Mesenchyme ECM
-more viscous mesenchyme -in unbilical cord of fetus (whartons jelly), developing heart (cardiac jelly), vitreous humor of eye ______ cells -mesenchymal stem cells -spindle-shaped -great distance btw cells tapered ends are thinner and hard to see Mucus (embryonic connective tissue)
Ground substance: almost gelatin-like, composed of hyaluronan, imparts gelatinous consistency to the matrix fibers: very thin collagen fibers Mucus ECM
-abundance of varying cells and sparse, loosely arranged fibers -most cells are wandering -abundant ground substance -rich blood supply (exchange of gases and nutrients) -diffusion of hormones and growth factors Loose connective tissue
Location: lamina propria of mucous membranes (urinary, respiratory, and digestive tracts) surrounds blood vessels and glands Loose connective tissue
-abundant fibers (collagen I) and few cells (fibroblasts) -little ground substance dense
parallel rows of collagen fibers (unidirectional stress) tendons, ligaments, aponeuroses dense regular
collagen fibers haphazardly arranged (tension from all directions) dermis of skin, periosteum, organ capsules dense irregular
substance of tendon surrounded by thin connective tissue capsule epitendineum
tendon subdivided into fascicles by endothendineum
fibroblasts w/in tendons are called tendinocytes
-large cells -peripheral nucleus -one (unilocular) lipid droplet -highly vascularized -function- fat storage, energy source, insulation, protection white adipose connective tissue
-smaller cells -central nucleus -multilocular lipid droplet function: heat production (thermogenesis) Brown adipose connective tissue
small quantity of fluid btw cells of connective tissue- for solvation and diffution Interstitial fluid
swelling due to increased tissue fluid edema
_______ favored by: -increased intravascular (capillary) hydrostatic pressure -decreased intravascular oncotic pressure -increased vascular permeability edema
used to stain reticular fibers; stains them black silver stain
stains elastic fibers ex: Orcein, Verhoeff's elastic stain
differentiates btw nucleus, cytoplasm, and connective tissue fibers trichrome stain
Created by: Zariea
 

 



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