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SOC 160
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| define social change: | the significant alteration of social structure and cultural patterns through time |
| define social structure: | a persistent network of social relationships where interactions have become repetitive |
| it is important to understand that social structure and ______ are two different things | culture |
| 5 ways social structure can be altered: | changes in personnel, changes in the way parts of structures relate, changes in the functions of structures, changes in relationships between different structures, emergence of new structures |
| urbanization causes ______ death rates | lower |
| exogenous, AKA ______ | external |
| endogenous, AKA ______ | internal |
| what are four internal forces that cause change? | the gap between shared ideas and actual practices, individual differences and uncertainties, flexibilities and variation in social roles, competition for power |
| intentional social changes are commonly driven by human ______ | agencies |
| sociology is the study of human _______ | society |
| sociological imagination: | connecting one's personal experiences to society as a whole/historical facts |
| using ______ _______, we can make the familiar feel strange | sociological imagination |
| social structure is usually manifested through _______ | institutions |
| ______ is your roadmap for getting through the day | culture |
| culture does what 2 things? | provides a guideline for behavior, is reflected in the materials |
| urbanization ultimately leads to... | lower birth rates |
| 5 examples of material cultural artifacts: | tech, clothing, music, art, food |
| a way of thinking is an example of a _______ cultural artifact | nonmaterial |
| what are the two cultural ways of thinking? | values and norms |
| values: | abstract ideas about what is good, right and beautiful |
| norms: | concrete guidelines for behavior in specific situations |
| in modernization theory, one of the major drivers of development is... | the spread of Western liberal values |
| ________ theory is an extension of Functionalist theory | modernization |
| with modernization theory, social relationships shift from what two premises? | built on binding traditions to rational interests and exchanges |
| with modernization, loyalty to particular people/kin shifts to relationships based on... | competence or citizenship |
| relationships become ________ with modernization | segmented |
| in modernization, development increases the avoidance of _______ | intimacy |
| modernization encourages __________ | networking |
| modernization develops a(n) _____-segmented social structure | age |
| some critiques of modernization theory: | the description of how development happens is weak, it's a bit ethnocentric, not all cultural differences are critical to development |
| OECD stands for... | Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development |
| what theory attempts to explain failed development in the world? | Dependency theory |
| dependency theory involves what two types of countries: | core and periphery |
| periphery countries provides ______ to the core countries | materials |
| what is the big problem with Dependency Theory? | the focus on natural resources in the Periphery keeps those countries from developing their own economy |
| "natural resources curse" | periphery governments benefit from resource extraction and sales to the core, but they don't get much in return |
| what is one of the major difference between dependency and world systems theory? | in dependency theory, there is no global dominator |
| which theory includes semi-periphery countries? dependency or world-systems? | world-systems |
| "global hegemon" | one nation or state that dominates the economic system |
| 2 examples of nations/places that have "changed positions" in World Systems theory | South Korea and China |
| what two countries are moving towards the core of the World Systems theory? | South Korea and China |
| what two countries are moving away from the core of the World Systems theory? | Zimbabwe and Russia |
| the concept of first, second, third, and fourth world countries is ______________ | deterritorialization |
| social trends in the US: | growth in scale, urbanization, centralized control, connectedness and networking, technological change and sophistication, countertrends, post-modernism |
| post-modernism: (3) | modernity is dehumanizing, it reduces difference and spontaneity, technology/bureaucracy/capitalism are dehumanizing |
| anti-modernism: (4) | attempts to reaffirm past cultural traditions, resurgent racism, religious and cultural fundamentalism, declining interest in and contributions to public goods |
| religious and cultural fundementalism: | a focus on texts and literal interpretations of them |
| 3 causes of changing work? | technological change, globalization, financialization |
| the rate of savings accounts tends to be ______ | declining |
| 5 NECESSARY items that are experiencing large rates of inflation: | homes in good neighborhoods, state-supported college education, health insurance, affordable childcare, 401k |
| 3 categories of norms: | mores, folkways, rituals |
| mores: | behavioral guidelines that carry moral weight |
| rituals: | standardized sets of actions with symbolic significance, expresses a group's values |
| _______ illustrates the ins and outs of day-to-day life | culture |
| theory: | a statement that explains something using a multitude of concepts |
| what type of theories attempt to explain long-term social change? | evolutionary theories |
| history: | a set of events representing development over time |
| a _______ drives societies from one stage to another, in history | mechanism |
| what are 5 examples of mechanisms in history? | technology, population growth, food production and land, legal systems, freedom |
| what approach says social life is driven by material conditions, humans will always have conflict, and change doesn't mean satisfaction for all? __________ __________ _________ | materialist evolutionary approach |
| what approach said behavior is adaptive to it's environment, and that these adaptations might outlive their original intentions? | idealist evolutionary approach |
| what are the two sociological evolutionary approaches? | materialist and idealist |
| men not wearing skirts is an example of a _______ | folkway |
| a custom or stereotype is another way of saying a _______ | folkway |
| idealist evolutionary approach: | spreading new ideas and values will spur social change, creating a new ideology |
| biological evolution: | works through random mutations through a mechanism of selection |
| adverse selection creates ________ | extinction |
| social evolution: | more purposeful and intentional old practices are almost never lost |
| 5 examples of purposeful social change: | smoking, democracy, volunteer armies, marriage, women in higher education |
| models: | simplified theories |
| assumptions: | used to build theories, already pre-established |
| heuristic: | when a model is said to be true, without actually being tested |
| macro theories: | theories of large-scale structures and processes |
| the opposite of macro theories is ______ theories | micro |
| what type of theory deals with items between a macro and micro-level theory? | middle-range theory |
| 2 primary causes of social change: for ____ and ____ reasons | materialistic and idealistic |
| who was the most influential classic thinker who argued for a materialistic perspective? | Karl Marx |
| what are "social relations of production?" | structured relationships that are tied to the methods used to produce goods/services |
| who said society is based on a class system? | Marx |
| an example of the change from a feudal society to an industrial-capitalist society is when we changed from _______ mills to _____ mills | wind to steam |
| the Marxist perspective essentially says... | the capitalist society is unfair to workers and will cause them to overthrow industrialism |
| what sociologist said that material culture changes more rapidly than nonmaterial culture? | William Ogburn |
| 3 ways technology causes change: | tech innovations increase the alternatives available, new tech alters patterns among people, tech innovations create new "problems" to deal with |
| idealistic perspective: | ideas, values, and ideologies are causes of change |
| who argued for an idealistic perspective? | Max Weber |
| Catholicism is focused on a(n) ________ perspective | idealist |
| Max Weber argued that values and beliefs have a significant impact on shaping ______ change | social |
| what sociologist further proved Weber's assertion that religious values cause social change? | Guenter Lewy |
| nationalism: | the identity that a group shares remains a force for conflict and change |
| capitalism: | an ideology focused on one's private economic gain |
| the opposite of universalistic is __________ | particularistic |
| while ideational culture can lead to change, it can also act as a _______ | barrier |
| 3 ways ideational culture causes change: | it can legitimize a desired direction of change, they provide the basis for social solidarity, they highlight issues in government/society |
| 4 different ways that causes of change interact: | mutual feedback, multiple causation, combined causation, path-dependent causation |
| mutual feedback: | various factors effect each other |
| multiple causation: | 2 causes have an effect on the outcome |
| combined causation: | a variety of factors must be present for change to occur |
| path-dependent causation: | prior factors shape the overall outcome |
| 3 different patterns/modes of change | linear models, cyclical models, dialectical models |
| linear models of change: | change goes from worse to better, it's straightforward |
| social evolution: | evolution of people and society over time |
| the oldest type of human societies are _____ + _____ societies | hunter + gather |
| equalitarian societies: | everyone shares resources |
| pastoralists and horticulturalists cultivated ______ for food | plants |
| industrial societies evolved around _____ innovation | tech |
| what are the 5 different types of cities? | ancient and medieval, commercial, industrial, corporate, world |
| cyclical models of change: | change moves in a cycle, repetitive |
| what are the 2 types of contemporary macro cyclical models of change? | political and economic cycles in America, long cycles and global change |
| what is the most complex model of change? | dialectical |
| dialectical change: | change occurs to fix issues |
| functionalist theory focuses on ______ requirements of societies | adaptive |
| 5 adaptive requirements of societies: | replacement of individuals, socialization, production of goods/services, provision of social order, maintenance of common symbols/values |
| the greater the degree of conflict between two groups are, the ______ they are | closer |
| long-term social change doesn't happen in a person's _______ | lifetime |
| materialist evolutionary approach: | social life is driven by material items, conflict and struggles are constant, change isn't always good |
| one's behavior depends on their __________ | environment |
| ideas turn into ________ | ideology |
| idealist evolutionary approach: | social change is driven by the spur of new ideas |
| what is the MAIN difference between biological and social change? | biological change is random |
| how does most change occur? through ____________ | differentiation |
| what is differentiation? | increased complexity |
| some changes happen via ______ maintenance | system |
| 2 examples of change through system maintenance: | education and criminal justice |
| mass society theory: | modernity severs traditional social ties and doesn't replace them |
| is mass society theory good or bad? | BAD |
| conflict theory: | societies have a continual struggle to secure scarce goods and services |
| continual conflict causes _______ to occur | change |
| 2 examples of change from conflict theory: | education and market economy |
| social structure: | a byproduct of millions of interactions, repeated over and over again |
| interpretive theories of change say cultures produce a "______ ______" | negotiated order |
| what is "negotiated order"? | how society creates meanings for things |
| reification: | when group rules take on a momentum of their own that defies change |
| fashion is an example of a _____ model of change | cyclical |
| social change occurring after a build-up of conflict is called a _________ model of change | dialectical |
| why does technology often increase social change? | it increases the alternatives available to people |
| sociology is the product of the __________ and the ________ ________ | enlightenment and industrial revolution |
| enlightenment: | questioned the role of religion in public life |
| this time period led to the development of _______ and _______ | freedom and equality |
| the natural economic order was upset by the __________ __________ | Industrial Revolution |
| Emile Durkheim said sociology is the study of social ______ | facts |
| ethnocentrism: | the belief that our cultural practices are the best ones possible |
| is ethnocentrism a cultural universal? | YES |
| Durkheim said that cultures are nothing but a set of social _______ | facts |
| 3 perspectives to theory in sociology (big ideas): | functionalist theory, conflict theory, interpretive theories |
| functionalist view of societal structure: (how it's shaped) | based on results from conflicts over time |
| interpretive theorist view of how societal structure is shaped: | comes from social interactions between people over time, and how those shaped culture |
| earliest promoter of conflict theory and class struggle: | Karl Marx |
| earliest promoter of interpretive theories: | Max Weber |
| activities that are necessary for the survival of the entire functionalist system are called functional __________ | requisites |
| in functionalism, there is a constant struggle to maintain order amidst social ______ | strains |
| strains can occur in two ways: the ______ or ______ way | exogenous or endogenous |
| if social strains exceed certain limits, _______ occurs | change |
| system maintenance: | restores a previous pattern of equilibrium |
| structural differentiation: | societies moving to a new structure or becoming more complex |
| adaptive upgrading: | enhances a societies survival, creates a benefit |
| functionalist theory can't answer ______ change | rapid |
| mass society theory discusses the destruction of _________ | tradition |
| mass society theory is a ________ critique | functionalist |
| the opposite of functionalist theory is ______ theory | conflict |
| in conflict theory, _____ is the source of conflict | inequality |
| the different types of rules that hold societies together provide the basis for _________ | solidarity |
| to Durkheim, small hunting and gathering societies were held together by which type of solidarity? _________ solidarity | mechanical |
| organic solidarity: | solidarity based on interdependence |
| mechanical solidarity: | solidarity based on intense personal involvement in a group |
| anomie: | when individuals are no longer regulated by common cultural rules |
| the shift of German people to Adolf Hitler's control is an example of what theory/perspective of change? | mass society theory |
| modes of production: | human relationships used to pursue economic goals |
| Karl Marx said the driving force of society is _________ | conflict |
| a division of labor causes _______ _______ to develop | social classes |
| social classes; | groups of people in a similar location and mode of production |
| 3 social classes produced by capitalism: | bourgeoisie, petty bourgeoisie, and proletariat |
| bourgeoisie: | owns the means of production and hired labor to make things |
| petty bourgeoisie: | own the means of production, but don't hire laborers |
| proletariat: | don't own anything or hire anyone |
| social classes in a capitalist society often have ______interests | unfriendly/hostile |
| antagonistic means... | unfriendly/hostile |
| in a capitalist society, change occurs when... | social classes recognize their values and act on it |
| how does a Marxist perspective differ from a Weberian perspective? | Marx: focused on material conditions Weber: focused on idealist conditions |
| what did Marx predict would happen in a capitalist society? | the working class would overthrow the capitalist class |
| verstehen means... | sympathetic understanding |
| the "ideal type" means... | an abstract, "pure" form of institution or social type |
| Max Weber's sociology involved two characteristics: | verstehen and the "ideal type" |
| Weber said that a common problem of all societies is translating ________ to ________ | power to authority |
| 3 types of authority: | traditional, charismatic, and legal-rational |
| what would Lenski say is a driving factor of social change? | technology |
| what type of authority is accessible to everyone? | legal-rational |
| what type of authority is the least stable? | charismatic authority |
| what type of authority is the least adaptive? | traditional authority |
| in modern society, charismatic authority usually turns into what type of authority? | legal-rational |
| Marxism said revolutions were supposed to happen in _______ societies, but they didn't | capitalist |
| the industrial revolution caused a lot of ________ | problems |
| capitalism depends on the activity of _________ | customers |
| bureaucracy: | detailed division of labor, system of supervision and leadership |
| 3 ways of thinking that are required by capitalism: | agency, frugality, calculation |
| Max Weber said that excessive consumption is ____ | bad |
| puritanism: | the mortal fear that somebody, someplace, was happy and having fun |
| are modernization and industrialization the same thing? | NO |
| a growth in the material base of society is ________ | development |
| some classify development solely as _______ growth | economic |
| what measure is used to decide how developed a nation is? | the Human Development Index |
| what three things are measured to determine the Human Development Index? | long and healthy life, education level, decent standard of living |
| what does HDI stand for? is it entirely accurate? | Human Development Index, no |
| developmentalists focus on ______ growth | economic |
| developmentalists argue that other countries can mirror ____ development | US |
| 3 types of development within a country: | political, social, economic |
| ascribed vs. achieved status: | ascribed is born with the person, achieved is what they work towards |
| social mobility: | to potential for someone to move social positions |
| elastic demand: | the demand for goods fluctuates |
| dependency theory and world systems theory are explanations for developmental ________ | failure |
| what are some of the broad structural trends in the US? | growth in social relationships, increasing centralization of control, increasing social differentiation, increased interconnectedness, increased technology |
| what are the three most important settings for everyday life for people? | population, family, and work |
| growing multi-racial identification: | people who have ancestry that involves two or more races |
| cohort replacement: | aging people are replaced by younger people with different attitudes |
| is the increased toleration of cultural diversity entirely done through education? | no |
| there is a growing belief that a person is a _____ to work on over time | job |
| reflexive modernity: | we are extremely aware of how other people in the world live, and it impacts our decisions as consumers |
| the reliance on scientists to tell us data is called... | the belief in the effectiveness of scientific and empirical knowledge |
| secularization: | the lessened use of religion in a worldly view |
| why are people starting to trust social institutions less and less? (2) | we know a lot more about what goes on behind the scenes, we suspect they don't have our true interests at heart |
| what is the defined pension being replaced by? | 401k plans |
| Which of the following changes happened to retirement planning as a result of the economic changes of the past 40 years, according to Harper/Leicht? | Most retirement plans are now defined contribution plans |
| defined benefit vs defined contribution: | defined benefit guarantees an amount given to employees in retirement, while defined contribution comes from the paychecks during an employee's time working |
| the employer transfers the investment ______ to the employee in a 401k plan | risk |
| prices on good homes, state-supported colleges, and health insurance have been __________ | increasing |
| when did governmental growth begin? | the 1940s |
| 2 places that U.S. federal spending goes to: | social insurance programs that benefit the middle class, military defense |
| political parties are beginning to decline in _________ | importance |
| PAC stands for... | Political Action Committee |
| why were Political Action Committees created? | to steer money away from political candidates |
| what two things take up a lot of politicians' time? | lobbying and fundraising |
| social movements: (2) | exist outside the institutional framework of everyday life, oriented towards some type of social change |
| Black Lives Matter is an example of a social movement _________ | organization |
| 4 types of social movements: | revolutionary, reform, instrumental, expressive |
| which types of protest lead to democracy or democratic reforms? | protests that have a basis among industrial workers |
| 2 reasons why protests with a basis in industrial workers will lead to democratic change: | it's a strategic position, and an ease of organization |
| 3 political terms for social movements: | progressive, conservative, and populist movements |
| populist movements: (5) | a revolt against elites, a celebration of the common people, economically nationalist, can be racist/ethnocentric, a response to economic decline |
| _________ movements seek to change individuals or behavior | expressive |
| __________ movements seek to change something outside of the group | instrumental |
| 1890s populism was mostly done by ________ | farmers |
| notes about 1890s populism: | attempted to create a coalition with urban workers, was multi-racial, strong in Kansas, Nebraska, Minnesota, Georgia and Colorado |
| social movements are a means of creating _______ in an anonymous world as well as gathering information | meaning |
| Rational choice theories: | joiners have quite sane reasons for joining; they derive some utility from being part of a group |
| "free-riding" | when people benefit from a social movement but don't actually participate in it |
| relative deprivation: | when someone feels they are deprived of something that they deserve |
| social movements are rarely started by people who are truly _________ | exploited |
| loss of status/status strains: | people who believe they are losing a status they once had |
| 3 micro mobilization contexts: (why individuals join social movements) | interpersonal ties, membership in organizations, biographical availability |
| social movements with the most _______ are often the most successful | members |
| collective behavior is a sign of.... | the breakdown or absence of social control |
| collective behavior is prevalent in the transition from _________ to modern mass societies | traditional |
| collective behavior often leads to more _______ social change | stable |
| resource mobilization theory: (3) | the ability to amass resources drives movement activity, resources include things other than money, must be able to apply the resources at the right places and times |
| political process theory: (4) | How receptive or vulnerable is the political system to protest: lack of repression, political elites are divided, broadening access (new political rights/democratization), some political elites add support to the movement |
| a good example of the political process theory is what movement? | U.S. Civil Rights Movement |
| what years was the U.S. Civil Rights Movement? | 1960s-1970s |
| New Movement Theory: (4) | a reaction to the modernizing process in industrial societies, framed around individual and cultural rights, preferred action – local, autonomous, decentralized, associated with the rise of newly educated professionals |
| framing: | the ability to tie movement goals to prevailing cultural themes |
| social movement success depends on... | the ability to appeal to those who aren't in the movement |
Created by:
stuisl