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CH 1 & 2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| This is the study of normal functioning of a living organism and its component parts, including all its chemical and physical processes.this as a field of biology that studies HOW the body maintains homeostasis | Physiology |
| The technical term for the internal compartment of a cell is the ______. | Intracellular fluid (ICF) |
| By contrast, the technical term for the external compartment of a cell is the ________. | Extracellular fluid (ECF) |
| _______ is the ability of your body and all its trillions of cells to keep their internal environment relatively stable, despite slight or radical changes to the external or internal environment. | Homeostasis |
| When the molecular composition of two body compartments or cellular compartments is identical, then those compartments are said to be in a state of __________ | Equilibrium |
| Sometimes the concentration of molecules or ions is very different in one compartment relative to an adjacent one. For example, sodium is much more concentrated outside cells relative to inside. This situation represents a state of ___________. | Disequilibrium |
| However, we will also dabble in the study of body functions in a disease state. This subfield of biology is known as _______. | Pathophysiology |
| When studying physiology, we could take the ______ approach, which means we will focus on HOW something happens, in a step-by-step process. | Mechanistic |
| Another way to study a topic in physiology is by taking the _____ approach, where one focuses on WHY a feature of the body exists by examining its adaptive significance, advantage, or benefit. | Teleological |
| "The kidneys are an essential part of the human body because they filter out wastes and excess metabolites, as well as modulate (change) the levels of water in the body." This statement takes the _______ approach to studying kidney physiology. | Teleological |
| "The process starts when the nervous system activates the muscle fiber. This leads to calcium entry into the muscle cell which triggers specialized proteins to shorten the length of the muscle. what approach of studying muscle physiology is this? | Mechanistic |
| This term refers to when experiments are repeated to verify their results are accurate. | replication |
| This term refers to an initial prediction made by a scientist about the relationship between two or more variables. It also guides the design of their experiment | hypothesis |
| In an experiment, this is the variable that is manipulated or varied across each group of participants. It is also shown on the X axis in graphs. | independent variable |
| Experiments with humans and animals are difficult because participants typically show high levels of genetic and environmental _______. Using a large number of participants (sometimes hundreds or thousands) can minimize this concern. | variability |
| In an experiment, this variable is the data or measures that are collected through observation, self-report, or a physiological recording. It is also the variable shown on the Y axis in graphs | dependent variable |
| Scientists can better understand a complex topic by re-analyzing the data from many related studies and publishing that reassessment as a ________ of the data. | meta-analysis |
| If subjects expect adverse consequences from participating in an experiment, they may be more likely to report negative side effects that don't actually exist. This complication in experimentation with humans is called the ________. | Nocebo effect |
| If subjects expect a positive outcome from participating in an experiment , they're more likely to report positive changes in their body that may not actually exist. This complication in experiments including humans is called the ______. | Placebo effect |
| When the same conclusion has been made by many scientists across many disciplines over many years, a widely-accepted explanation or _______ may emerge for a particular phenomenon. | Scientific theory |
| A valid experiment should always include a _______ as a basis for comparison for all other groups. This essential group of participants is not manipulated or does not experience any type of independent variable. | control group |
| A __________ or flow-chart (like the one about a person working outside on a hot, dry day in Figure 1.3) is a specific kind of concept map that links events or structures in a cascade that occur in a specific | process maps |
| A __________ (like the one dealing with Sandwiches in Figure 1.3) is a specific kind of concept map that shows the relationship between different vocabulary terms, usually from general to specific in a top-to- bottom progression. | structure/function |
| Look at Figure 3.2c in your textbook. What kind of map is shown there? | structure/function |
| Look at Figure 3.4 in your textbook. There is a map drawn for components of a cell. What kind of map is that? | Structure |
| Look at Figure 5.8 in your textbook. What kind of map is that? | structure/function |
| Look at Figure 6.2 in your textbook. What kind of map is that? | Process map |
| Look at Figure 8.11 in your textbook. What kind of map does it show? | process |
| The X-axis of nearly every graph shows the _______ variable, which is the factor that they experimenter manipulated or varied across groups. | independent |
| The Y-axis of nearly every graph shows the _______ variable, which is the factor or variable measured or recorded by the experimenter. | dependent |
| ______ graphs are best used when the independent variable is a continuous phenomenon, such as time (seconds, days, years). | line |
| A ______ graph shows individual data points as dots and also typically includes a "best fit" line or curve to show the trend of those data points. | scatter plot |
| A ______ graph is best used when the independent variable has distinct categories or levels that don't have an inherent order. | bar |
| Look at Figure 18.9 in your textbook. This figure shows many very cool ______ graphs that we will study in detail later in the class. | line |
| Look at Figure 1.7 in your textbook. This figure shows a _____ graph of ion concentrations in the intracellular and extracellular fluid compartments of typical body cells. | bar |
| These subatomic particles have no charge. | Neutrons |
| These subatomic particles have a positive charge. | Protons |
| If you alter the number of ______ in an atom, you will create an atom that has either a positive or negative charge. | Electrons |
| In the periodic table, the _____ indicate the number of protons plus the number of neutrons for each element. | Atomic mass |
| When looking at the periodic table, the ____ tells us the number of protons in each element. | Atomic number |
| An atom or molecule that has lost or gained an electron is called a(n) _______. | Ion |
| An atom that gains an electron is called a(n) _________. | Anion |
| A(n) ____ describes an atom that has lost one or more electrons | Cation |
| In a(n) _____ bond, one atom loses an electron and the other gains one, and so these two atoms are held together by their +/- attraction. These bonds readily break inside the watery environment of your body. | Ionic |
| When an atom has an unpaired electron, it is called a ____, which means it will be highly reactive and can be quite toxic to your cells. | Free radicals |
| In a(n) ______ bond, electrons are shared between atoms, which makes these bonds very strong. Enzymes or high heat are required to break these kinds of bonds. | Covalent |
| _____ molecules (e.g., DNA, carbohydrates, proteins, etc.) all have a positively-charged side and a negatively-charged side (i.e., a charge asymmetry), and therefore readily dissolve in water, since that solvent also has a charge asymmetry. | Polar |
| _____ molecules (e.g., O2, CO2, fatty acids, etc.) have no difference in charge across their surface and therefore do not dissolve in water. | Nonpolar |
| A solution where water is the solvent is called a(n) _____ solution. | Acqueous |
| Water surface tension can be explained by the fairly weak ____ bonds that cause polar molecules to be attracted to each other. | Hydrogen |
| This variable measures the concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution. | pH |
| When considering pH, a number lower than 7 indicates a(n) ______ solution. | acidic |
| This general term describes a group of molecules, that help to maintain pH by flexibly removing excess H+ ions from solution when they are in excess or by donating H+ ions to solution when their concentration is too low. | buffer |
| The amount of solute per unit volume of solution is a measurement of a solution's _________. | concentration |
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guadalupelramirez