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Psych Test 1
Chapters: 1, 2, 6, 8
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Which of the following was mentioned as a skill to which psychology students would be exposed? | critical thinking, use of scientific method, critical evaluation of sources of information (all of the above.) |
| Before psychology became a recognized academic discipline, matters of the mind were undertaken by those in ________. | philosophy |
| In the scientific method, a hypothesis is a(n) ________. | proposed explanation |
| Based on your reading, which theorist would have been most likely to agree with this statement: Perceptual phenomena are best understood as a combination of their components. | Max Wertheimer |
| ________ is most well-known for proposing his hierarchy of needs. | Abraham Maslow |
| Rogers believed that providing genuineness, empathy, and ________ in the therapeutic environment for his clients was critical to their being able to deal with their problems. | unconditional positive regard |
| The operant conditioning chamber (aka ________ box) is a device used to study the principles of operant conditioning. | Skinner |
| A researcher interested in how changes in the cells of the hippocampus (a structure in the brain related to learning and memory) are related to memory formation would be most likely to identify as a(n) ________ psychologist. | biological |
| An individual’s consistent pattern of thought and behavior is known as a(n) ________. | personality |
| In Milgram’s controversial study on obedience, nearly ________ of the participants were willing to administer what appeared to be lethal electrical shocks to another person because they were told to do so by an authority figure. | 2/3 |
| A researcher interested in what factors make an employee best suited for a given job would most likely identify as a(n) ________ psychologist. | I-O |
| If someone wanted to become a psychology professor at a 4-year college, they would probably need a ________ degree in psychology. | PhD |
| The ________ places less emphasis on research and more emphasis on application of therapeutic skills. | PsyD |
| Which of the following degrees would be the minimum required to teach psychology courses in high school? | bachelor’s degree |
| One would need at least a(n) ________ degree to serve as a school psychologist. | master’s |
| Scientific hypotheses are ________ and falsifiable. | testable |
| ________ are defined as observable realities. | facts |
| Scientific knowledge is ________. | empirical |
| A major criticism of Freud’s early theories involves the fact that his theories ________. | were not testable |
| Sigmund Freud developed his theory of human personality by conducting in-depth interviews over an extended period of time with a few clients. This type of research approach is known as a(n): ________. | case study |
| ________ involves observing behavior in individuals in their natural environments. | naturalistic observation |
| The major limitation of case studies is ________. | the inability to generalize the findings from this approach to the larger population |
| The benefit of naturalistic observation studies is ________. | the honesty of the data that is collected in a realistic setting |
| Using existing records to try to answer a research question is known as ________. | archival research |
| ________ involves following a group of research participants for an extended period of time. | longitudinal research |
| A(n) ________ is a list of questions developed by a researcher that can be administered in paper form. | survey |
| Longitudinal research is complicated by high rates of ________. | attrition |
| Height and weight are positively correlated. This means that: | As height increases, typically weight increases. |
| Which of the following correlation coefficients indicates the strongest relationship between two variables?: -.90, -.50, +.80, +.25 | –.90 |
| Which statement best illustrates a negative correlation between the number of hours spent watching TV the week before an exam and the grade on that exam? | Watching too much television leads to poor exam performance. |
| The correlation coefficient indicates the weakest relationship when ________. | it is closest to 0 |
| ________ means that everyone in the population has the same likelihood of being asked to participate in the study. | random sampling |
| The ________ is controlled by the experimenter, while the ________ represents the information collected and statistically analyzed by the experimenter. | independent variable; dependent variable |
| Researchers must ________ important concepts in their studies so others would have a clear understanding of exactly how those concepts were defined. | operationalize |
| Sometimes, researchers will administer a(n) ________ to participants in the control group to control for the effects that participant expectation might have on the experiment. | placebo |
| ________ is to animal research as ________ is to human research. | IACUC; IRB |
| Researchers might use ________ when providing participants with the full details of the experiment could skew their responses. | deception |
| A person’s participation in a research project must be ________. | voluntary |
| Before participating in an experiment, individuals should read and sign the ________ form. | informed consent |
| Which of the following is an example of a reflex that occurs at some point in the development of a human being? | infant sucking on a nipple |
| Learning is best defined as a relatively permanent change in behavior that ________. | occurs as a result of experience |
| Two forms of associative learning are ________ and ________. | classical conditioning; operant conditioning |
| In ________ the stimulus or experience occurs before the behavior and then gets paired with the behavior. | classical conditioning |
| A stimulus that does not initially elicit a response in an organism is a(n) ________. | neutral stimulus |
| In Watson and Rayner’s experiments, Little Albert was conditioned to fear a white rat, and then he began to be afraid of other furry white objects. This demonstrates ________. | stimulus generalization |
| Extinction occurs when ________. | the conditioned stimulus is presented repeatedly without being paired with an unconditioned stimulus |
| In Pavlov’s work with dogs, the psychic secretions were ________. | conditioned responses |
| ________ is when you take away a pleasant stimulus to stop a behavior. | negative punishment |
| Which of the following is not an example of a primary reinforcer? | money |
| . Rewarding successive approximations toward a target behavior is ________. | shaping |
| Slot machines reward gamblers with money according to which reinforcement schedule? | variable ratio |
| The person who performs a behavior that serves as an example is called a ________. | model |
| In Bandura’s Bobo doll study, when the children who watched the aggressive model were placed in a room with the doll and other toys, they ________. | kicked and threw the doll |
| Which is the correct order of steps in the modeling process? | attention, retention, reproduction, motivation |
| Who proposed observational learning? | Albert Bandura |
| ________ is a memory store with a phonological loop, visuospatial sketchpad, episodic buffer, and a central executive. | working memory |
| The storage capacity of long-term memory is ________. | essentially limitless |
| The three functions of memory are ________. | encoding, storage, and retrieval |
| This physical trace of memory is known as the ________. | engram |
| An exceptionally clear recollection of an important event is a (an) ________. | flashbulb memory |
| ________ is when our recollections of the past are done in a self-enhancing manner. | egocentric bias |
| Tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon is also known as ________. | persistence |
| The formulation of new memories is sometimes called ________, and the process of bringing up old memories is called ________. | construction; reconstruction |
| When you are learning how to play the piano, the statement “Every good boy does fine” can help you remember the notes E, G, B, D, and F for the lines of the treble clef. This is an example of a (an) ________. | acrostic |
| According to a study by Yogo and Fujihara (2008), if you want to improve your short-term memory, you should spend time writing about ________. | a traumatic life experience |
| The self-referencing effect refers to ________. | making the material you are trying to memorize personally meaningful to you |
| Memory aids that help organize information for encoding are ________. | mnemonic devices |
Created by:
daphne_pal05