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Apush P6 Vocab
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| “New South '' | The South working to create a self-sufficient economy, built on modern capitalist values, industrial growth, modernized transportation, and improved race relationships. Cities, textile industry, railroads led to the New South. |
| Sharecropping | Farmers who paid owners of the land a share of their crops to use the land. |
| Redeemers | Democratic politicians who came in power in the southern state after Reconstruction. Won support from the business community and White Supremacists. |
| Civil Rights Cases of 1883 | The court ruled that Congress could not ban racial discrimination practice by private citizens and businesses , including railroads and hotels, used by the public |
| Plessy v. Ferguson, 1896 | The Supreme Court upheld a Louisnana law requiring “separate but equal accommodations” for White and Black railroad passengers. Court ruled that Lousinanas law did NOT violate the 14th Amendment's guarantee of equal protection under the law. |
| Jim Crow Laws | Wave of segregation laws that followed the federal courts decisions. Segregated washrooms, drinking fountains, park benches, and other facilities in all public spaces. |
| literacy tests | Used to prevent African Americans from voting as many were illiterate. Determined voting qualifications. |
| poll taxes | Used to prevent African Americans from voting through taxes. |
| grandfather clauses | Allowed a man to vote only if his grandfather had voted in elections before Reconstruction. |
| Ida B. Wells | Editor of the Memphis Free Speech (black newspaper). Campainghned against lynching and Jiim Crow laws. |
| *Exodusters | African Americans that left the South after the civil war and went to places like Colorado, Kansas, and Oklahoma. |
| Booker T. Washington | Third response to oppression was to accommodate it. Said that if African Americans tolerated, they would be able to gain money and then allow them for rights such as the ability to vote. |
| Tuskegee Institute | School established by Booker T. Washington where African Americans learned skilled trades with the virtues of hard work, moderation, and economic self help. |
| Atlanta Compromise | Supported by Booker T. Washington. Said African Americans should focus on working hard and not challenge segregation and discrimination. By doing the Whites should support education and legal rights for African Americans. |
| WEB Du Bois | Responded to Washington ,demand to end segregation and granting of equal civil rights to all Americans. Did NOT agree with Washington. |
| Henry Bessemer/Bessemer Process | Key creator of the steel industry. Realized that blasting air through molten iron resulted in high quality steel. |
| Thomas Edison | Greatest inventor of the 19th century, patented a machine for recording votes. Created more than a thousand inventions, including the light bulb. Revolutionized life in the cities. |
| George Westinghouse | Developed an air brake for railroads. Produced AC, replacing Edison's direct current technology. |
| Gustavus Swift | A brand of packers that was able to change the eating habits of Americans with mass-produced meat and vegetable products through canning. |
| consumer economy/culture | Where shopping became a favorite pastime. Promoted through advertising. |
| Cornelius Vanderbilt | Used money from a steamboat business to merge local railroads into the New York Central Railroad |
| J.P. Morgan | (J. Pierpont Morgan) Led a group of bankers that moved in to take control of the bankrupt railroads and consolidate them. |
| Andrew Carnegie | Rags to riches story. Manufactured steel in Pittsburgh and soon outdistanced his competitors by a combination of salesmanship and the latest technology. Vertical integration |
| John D. Rockefeller/Standard Oil Trust | Company founded by John D. Rockefeller, took control of most of the nation's oil refineries. |
| Monopoly | A company that dominates a market so much that it faces little or no competition from other companies. |
| Trust | Organization or board that manages the assets of other companies |
| horizontal integration | Process through which one company takes control of all its former competitors in a specific industry |
| vertical integration | Process through which none company takes control of all stages of making a product |
| holding company | Created to own and control diverse companies |
| laissez-faire capitalism (classical liberalism) | The idea of rejecting government regulation of businesses. |
| Adam Smith | Economist, Argued that mercantilism was less efficient than allowing businesses to be guided by supply and demand. This would allow them to be motivated by self interest. |
| Social Darwinism | The belief that Darwin’s idea of natural selection and survival of the fittest should be applied to the marketplace |
| William Graham Sumner | Argued that helping the poor was misguided because it interfered with the laws of nature and would only weaken the evolution of the species by preserving the unfit. |
| Horatio Alger | Wrote novels about self made men to give many Americans hope. |
| Gilded Age | An expression first used by Mark Twain in 1873 referred to the superficial glitter of the new wealth so prominently displayed. large corps, created by forturned and dominated politics. Problems were faced by workers, farmers, and burgeoning cities. |
| “iron law of wages” | Argued that rising wages would only increase the working population, and the availability of more workers would in turn cause wages to fall. Resulting in misery and starvation. |
| unions (organized labor) | A group of workers focused on one specific skill of work |
| collective bargaining | The ability of workers to negotiate as a group with an employer over wages and working conditions |
| Knights of Labor/Terence Powderly | A secret society in order to avoid detection by employers. They opened membership to all workers (AA + Women). Advocate may reforms abolishing child labor, trusts, monopolies etc. |
| American Federation of Labor/Samuel Gompers | Concentrated on “bread-and-butter unionism” → lower economic goals. Led by Samuel Compers, focused on JUST higher wages + improved working conditions. |
| Great Railroad Strike, 1877 | One of the worst labor outbreaks. Railroad companies cut wages in order to reduce costs during an economic depression. |
| Haymarket Square Bombing, 1886 | Bombing of a labor union meeting, made people realize that labor unions may be dangerous. |
| Homestead Strike (Lockout), 1892 | Henry Clay Frick precipitated a strike by cutting wages. He used weapons of the lockout, private guards, and strikebreakers to defeat the walkout. Set the union movement back in the steel industry. |
| Pullman Strike, 1894 | Due to wage cuts and firing workers. Laid down their tools and Eugene V. Debs told the workers not to handle any trains with Pullman cars. Boycott tied up rail transportation all over the country. |
| Eugene V. Debs | American Railroad Union leader, helped with the Pullman Strike. |
| “old” immigrants | Immigrants that were protestants, English speaking, with a high literacy level. |
| “new” immigrants | Southern + eastern europe, poor, illiterate, unaccustomed to democracy. Usually roman catholic greek orthodox, or russian orthodox. |
| streetcar suburbs | Communities that grew along transit routes leading to an urban center. To escape poverty. |
| Tenements | Inner city housing that was a small windowless room. Allowed to cram more than 4000 people into one block. Promoted the spread of diseases |
| Ghettos | Crowded, unhealthy, and crime ridden neighborhoods serve as springboards for immigrants to achieve the American dream. |
| Chinese Exclusion Act, 1882 | Ended the immigration of people from China. |
| Ellis Island | Opened in the New York harbor as an immigration center. Pass medical examinations and pay tax before entering the US. |
| political machines/machine bosses | Tightly organized groups of politicians that welcomed newly arrived immigrants. The boss was the top politician who gave orders to the rank and file and doled out gov jobs to loyal supporters. |
| Tammany Hall | A political machine in NYC that started off as a social club and then developed into power centers. |
| William “Boss” Tweed | Boss of Tammany Hall, stole millions from taxpayers. |
| settlement houses | Where many middle class women and men lived to understand the problems of immigrant families. Hoped to relieve the effects of poverty by providing social services to the neighborhood. |
| Jane Addams/Hull House | An experiment where settlement houses taught English to immigrants, and pioneered education and industrial arts. |
| *Americanization (melting pot) | The idea that the United States is a melting pot in which immigrant groups quickly shed old world characteristics in order to become successful citizens of their adopted country. |
Created by:
Shinali.Shah