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APUSH quiz
Roosevelt to Wilson: The Progressive Era
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Square Deal | Theodore Roosevelt’s domestic program focused on conservation of natural resources, control of corporations, and consumer protection. |
| Hepburn Act (1906) | Passed following some very unpopular price increases by railroad companies. Fortified the powers of the Interstate Commerce Act, and allowed the federal government to fix “just and reasonable” rates for railroads. |
| Pure Food and Drug Act (1906) | Created in response to Upton Sinclair’s The Jungle. It prohibited the manufacture and sale of mislabeled or adulterated food and drugs in interstate commerce. |
| Meat Inspection Act (1906) | Made it illegal to sell meat products that have been mishandled or adulterated to be sold. |
| Anthracite Coal Strike (1902) | Strike by the United Mine Workers of America in the anthracite coal mines of eastern Pennsylvania for higher pay and better working conditions. |
| Arbitration | Method for resolving conflicts between workers and employers. A neutral party will listen to both sides and make the ultimate decision. |
| Hetch Hetchy Controversy (1908-1913) | Congress debated on whether they should supply water to San Francisco by building a dam in the Hetch Hetchy Valley or keep its natural beauty. Conservation vs. Preservation, but ultimately they decided to build the dam. |
| Panic of 1907 | Morgan and Roosevelt created a deal which prevented the panic from intensifying. Morgan agreed to channel money from strong institutions to weaker ones to keep them afloat, and in return, Roosevelt promised not to bust Morgan’s trusts. |
| Muckraker | Journalists who investigated and publicized social and economic injustice during the Progressive era. |
| Upton Sinclair | Published The Jungle, exposing, in horrifying detail, the conditions of Chicago’s stockyards and meat-packing industry. |
| Ida Tarbell | Exposed the corruption behind Rockefeller’s success in The History behind the Standard Oil Company, originally published as a series of articles in McClure’s Magazine. |
| Lincoln Steffens | Garnered national recognition for his attack on municipal corruption in the nation’s urban governments in The Shame of the Cities (1904). Steffens used dramatic language to expose swindling politicians. |
| McClure’s Magazine | It is credited with starting and popularizing muckraking journalism. |
| Settlement House | Organizations founded by “new women” (middle-class, educated) that supported the urban poor by providing social services: teaching English, offering healthcare, childcare, and employment resources. |
| Hull House | One of the first settlement houses that were created in the United States. Founded in 1889 by Jane Addams in Chicago, Hull House offered legal aid and an employment office, pioneered early childhood education, and taught industrial arts. |
| Jane Addams | She was a reformer and social worker best known for setting up the first settlement house, Hull House, in 1889. Founded the Women’s International League for Peace and Freedom and advocated for women’s suffrage. |
| Florence Kelley | Reformer who fought for government protection for women and children, specifically from long working hours. |
| Payne-Aldrich Tariff (1909) | Despite Taft’s campaign promise to drastically reduce tariffs, he signed the conservative Payne-Aldrich Tariff into law, raising the tariff on most imports. |
| Ballinger-Pinchot Affair (1909) | Taft fired the progressive Republican, Pinchot. Congress and traditional republicans sided with Taft, progressives sided with Roosevelt’s criticism of Pinchot firing. |
| The Progressive Party | Formed by Teddy. The party’s platform outlines restrictions on campaign finance contributions, reduced protective tariff, and established a social insurance system, an eight-hour workday, and women's suffrage. |
| New Nationalism | Roosevelt’s platform during the 1912 election. Favored more government regulation of business and unions, women’s suffrage, direct election of US Senators, national tariff reduction, and more social welfare programs. |
| New Freedom | Wilson’s platform during the 1912 election. Argued for the same ideas as New Nationalism, however, Wilson believed in stronger antitrust laws (weed em out mentality) = no delineation between “good” and “bad” trusts. |
| Underwood Tariff (1913) | Wilson immediately lowers the tariff, first reduction in over 50 years. To compensate for the reduced tariffs, the Underwood bill included a graduated income tax with rates from one to six percent. |
| Federal Reserve System | The Federal Reserve Board was appointed to oversee a nationwide system of 12 reserve districts who can increase or decrease the amount of money in circulation (via interest rates), depending on inflation. |
| City Manager Plan | Was proposed to improve local and state government by reducing the number of elected officials. An elected city council hires the city manager to be in full charge of the administration of municipal affairs. |
| City Commissioner Plan | Designed to combat corruption and unethical activity in local government. Voters elected not only the mayor, but the heads of city departments as well (fire, police, sanitation). |
| Frances Willard | President of the Women’s Christian Temperance Movement (WCTU). The modern temperance movement was driven by the excessive drinking of male factory workers, fueling the cycling poverty in American cities. |
| 18th Amendment (1917) | Prohibited the manufacture, sale, and transportation of alcohol. |
| Robert LaFollette | A governor of Wisconsin who believed that the best way to improve American Society was to condemn the unequal distribution of wealth and economic power. |
| Initiative | Any proposed law can, with sufficient backing (petition signatures), be put on the ballot in an election. Can be submitted to the state legislature or the public for a vote. |
| Referendum | The ability for the people to pass/veto a law instituted by the government. For example, if a school board wants to issue bonds for a project, it is put on the city ballot as a referendum. |
| Direct Primary | Voters of a specific political party can choose the candidate to represent their party, as opposed to full control lying in the hands of party bosses. |
| Recall | Allows voters, by petition, to demand the removal of an elected official before the expiration of their term. It is based on the principle that officeholders are agents of the people and therefore are constantly subject to popular control. |
| Direct Election of Senators | Senators are elected directly by the voting public, rather than state legislatures. (17th Amendment) |
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Rachel_Alin