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bio 2 rev 4
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| The body is capable of catabolizing many substances as sources of energy. which of the following would be used as an energy source only after the depletion of other sources? | protein in muscle cells |
| some nutrients are considered "essential" in the diets of certain animals because | They cannot be manufactured by the organism |
| Animals require certain amino acids in their diet. An amino acid that is referred to as nonessential would be best described as on that. | can be made by the animal's body from other substances |
| Which of the following vitamins is correctly associated with its use? | vitamin A-incorporated into the visual pigment of the eye. |
| Which of the following minerals is associated with its use in animals? | Calcium-construction and maintenance of bone |
| Folic acid supplements have become especially important for pregnant women. Why? | Folic acid Deprivation is associated with neural tube abnormalities in a fetus. |
| With which of teh following is excessive iron absorbption most likely to be associated? | Genetic disorders such as hemochromatosis |
| during the process of digestion, fats are broken down when fatty acids are detatched from glycerol. In addition, proteins are digested to yield amino acids. What do these two processes have in common? | They involve the addition of water molecule to break bonds (hydrolyisis) |
| To leave the digestive tract, a subtance must cross a cell membrane. During which stage of food processing does this take place? | absorption |
| Intracellular digestion of peptides is usually immediately preceded by which process? | endocytosis |
| Increasing the surface area directly facilitates which of the following digestive processes? | absorption hydrolysis |
| which of the following is an advantage of a complete digestive system over a gastrovascular cavity? | Specialized regions are possible. |
| Foods eaten by animals are most often composed largely of macromolecules. This requires the animals to have methods for which of the following/ | Enzymatic Hydrolysis |
| Which of the following describes pristalsis in the digestive system? | WSmooth muscle contractions that move food through the alimentary canal |
| After ingestion, the first type of macromolecule to be worked on by enzymes in the human digestive system is | Carbohydrate |
| What is the substrate of salivary amylase | Starch |
| Which of the following statements is true of mammals? | The epiglottis prevents food from entering the trachea |
| What parts of the digestive system have secretions with a pH of 2? | Stomach |
| Which of the following statements describes pepsin? | It begins the hydrolysis of proteins in the stomach. |
| Without functioning parietal cells, which of the following would you expect for an individual? | not to be able to initiate protein digestion in the stomach. |
| Which of the following is true of bile salts? | They emulsify fats in the duodenum. |
| Most nutrients absorbed into the lymph of bloodstream are which form? | monoers. |
| Which of the following enzymes has the lowest pH optimum? | Pepsin |
| Where are the agents that help emulsify fat produced? | 9 |
| Where does the complete digestion of carbohydrates occur? | 4 only |
| Where does the digestion of fats mostly occur? | 4 only |
| Which structure is home to bacteria that produce vitamins as by-products of their metabolism? | 5 |
| How does the digestion and absorbtion of fat differ from that of carbohydrates? | Most absorbed fat first enters the lymphatic system, whereas carbohydrates directly entere the blood. |
| Which of the following is a nutritional monomer that can be transported in the blood? | Fatty acid |
| Which of the following glandular secretions involved in digestion would be most likely released initially as inactive precursors? | Protein-digesting enzymes. |
| Which of the following would probably contribute to constipation? a subtance that- | Promotes water reabsorption in the large intestine. |
| Bacteria are beneficial to animal nutrition, including that of humans. Which of the following is among their greatest benefits to us? | Production of biotin and vtamin K |
| The pH of the gastric juice of the stomach is about 2 due to the formation of HCl. Where does this formation of HCl occur? | In the lumen of the stomach. |
| The pH of the stomach is low enough and the protease activity high enough that the cells of the stomach itself are at risk of self-digestion. This is prevented by which of the following? | mucus secretion and active mitosis of epithelial cells |
| In general, herbivorous mammals have molars modified for | grinding |
| In which group of animals would you expect to find a relatively long cecum? | herbivores |
| Which of the following are adaptions to carnivourous diet | bile salts |
| microbial symbionts are especially important for nutritional support in which of the following? | herbivores and omnivores |
| which of the following occurs when digestion of organic molecules results in more energy- rich molecules than are immediately required by the animal? | the excess is stored as glycogen |
| What would be expected if the amount of interstitial fluid surrounding the capillary beds of the lungs were to increase significantly? | The amount of oxygen entering the circulation from the lungs would decrease. |
| Organisms in which a circulating body fluid is distinct from the fluid that directly surrounds the body's cells are likely to have which of the following? | a closed circulatory system. |
| To adjust blood pressure independently in the capillaries of the gas-exchange surface and in the capillaries of the general body circulation, an organism would need a(n) | four- chambered heart. |
| A patient has a blood pressure of 120/75, a pulse rate of 40 beats/min, a stroke volume of 70 mL/beat, and a respiratory rate of 25 breaths/min. This person's cardiac output per minute will be | 2800 mL. |
| Damage to the sinoatrial node in humans. | Would disrupt the rate and timing of cardiac muscle contractions |
| If the atrioventricular node could be surgically removed from the heart without disrupting signal transmission to the Purkinje, what would be the effect? | Atria and ventricles would contract at about the same time. |
| A nonfunctional sinoatrial node would. | Have little significant effect on stroke volume. |
| Which of the following is measured by an electrocadiogram? | the spread of impulses from the SA node |
| The average resting stroke volume of the hearts is 70ml and it beats ~72 times per minute. This would result in which cardiac output? | 5L/ minute |
| Where are semilunar valves to be found in the mammalian heart? | at the places where blood leaves via the oartaand pulmonary arteries |
| Average blood pressure is lowest in which structure(s)? | venae cavae |
| Which of the following is correct for blood pressure reading of 130/80? | I and II only |
| what is the reason that fluid is forced from the bloodstream to the surrounding tissues at the arteriole end of systemic capillaries? | The hydrostatic pressure of the blood is greater than the osmotic pressure of the blood. |
| What wold be the long-term effect if the lymphatic vessels associated with a capillarty bed were to become blocked? | Fluid would accumulate in interstial areas |
| a blood vessel has the follwing characteristics: outer layer of connective tissue, a thick layer of smooth muscle with elasticfibers, no valves. It is which of the following? | an artery |
| Which of the follwing is used to diagnose hypertension in adults? | blood pressure of >140 mm Hg systolic and/or >90 diastolic |
| Which of these speed up heart rate? | Epineprine |
| Which of these stimulate the production of red blood cells? | Erythropoietin |
| which of these are involved in the early stages of blood clotting | Platelets |
| The meshwork that forms the fabric of a blood clot consists mostly of whic protein? | fibrin |
| Which of the following is a normal event in the process of blood clotting | activation of prothrobin to thrombin |
| which of the following is predicted in someone who smokes and whose diet includes significant trans fats? | Increased blood vessel inflammation |
| which of the following features do all gas exchange systems have in common? | the exchage surfaces are moist. |
| What is the partial pressure of oxygen (PO2)? | 160 mm Hg |
| Air rushes into the lungs of humans during inhalation because? | The rib muscles and diaphragm contract, increasing the lung volume. |
| Which of the following occurs with the exhalation of air from human lungs? | The volume of the thoracic cavity decreases |
| Which of the following lung volumes would be different in a person at rest compared with when the person exercises? | tidial volume |
| Tidial volume in respiration is analogous to what measurement in cardiac physiology | stroke volume |
| A person with a tidial volume of 450 mL, a vital capacity of 4,000 mL, and a residual volume of 1,000 mL would have apotention total lung capacity of | 5,000 mL |
| At the summit of a high mountain, the atmospheric pressure is 380 mm Hg. If the atmosphere is still composed of 21% oxygen, what is the partial pressure of oxygen at this altitude? | 80 mm Hg |
| Blood carbon dioxide levels determine the Ph of other body fluids as well as blood, including the pH of cerebrospinal fluid. How does this enable the organism to control breathing? | the medulla, which is in contact with cerebrospinal fluid monitors pH and uses this measure to control breathing. |
| Which of the following is a characteristic of both hemoglobin and hemocyanin? | transports oxygen |
| The Bohr shift on the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve is prouduced by changes in | pH |
| How is most of the carbon dioxide transported by the blood in humans? | bicarbonate ions in the plasma. |
| Hydrogen ions produced in human red blood cells are prevented from significantly lowering pH by combining with- | hemoglobin |
| How does the hemocyanin of arthropods and molluscs differ from the hemoglobin of mammals? | Hemocyanin has prtein coupled to copper rather than iron. |
Created by:
espinod4