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AP GOV 1-2
AP GOV vocab 1-2
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| John Adams | Political philosopher, second president of the US, and founding father. |
| Declaration of Independence | Break up letter to Great Britain, written by Thomas Jefferson, ben Franklin, John Adams. |
| Benjamin Franklin | American scientist, painter, and writer. Helped to create the DOI. |
| Grand Committee | 11 people, July 2, proposed a solution to an impasse over representation in the house and senate. |
| Alexander Hamilton | Founding father, federalist. |
| Thomas Hobbes | enlightenment philosopher, wrote the Leviathan state of man= evil |
| The Leviathan | Written by Thomas Hobbes, state of man= evil |
| Thomas Jefferson | wrote DOI, used the enlightenment philosophers ideas, natural rights theory, i.e. |
| Limited Government | coined by Montesquieu, meant to reserve powers for the people. |
| John Locke | Natural rights theory, life, liberty, property. wrote the 2nd treatise of civil gov. if gov violates the natural rights, it is the people's job to rebel. |
| James Madison | main advocate of the federalist papers. 4th potus |
| Baron de Montesquieu | a republic can only prosper in a small territory, limited gov, seperation of powers, chacks and balances, and republicanism |
| The spirit of the laws | Written by Montesquieu |
| Natural law | an ethical theory that claims that humans are born with a certain moral compass. |
| Popular sovereignty | A government based on the consent of the people. |
| Representative republic | a government based on representation |
| Republicanism | a way of governing a nation based of representatives and an emphasis on liberty and the civic virtue. |
| Jean-Jacques Rousseau | wrote the social construct theory, citizens will give up certain rights for security. |
| The social construct theory | citizens will give up certain rights in order to have security |
| U.S constitution | Preamble, articles1-7 LEJRASR, and bill of rights |
| George Washington | 1st POTUS, commander in chief for the American revolution, founding father |
| Anti-federalists | were worried about the constitution, wanted a weaker government, and liked the Bill of Rights "Brutus" |
| Elite Democracy | a political system in which elites acquire the power and control most of the government |
| Federalists | Liked a stronger gov, thought the Bill of Rights was unscary. James Madison, Alexander Hamilton, and 'Publius |
| Initiative | an election that allows citizens to propose legislation and submit it to the state electorate for popular vote. |
| Interest Group | caucus, an organization of like minded people on a certain topic. |
| Participatory Democracy | a model of democracy in which citizens have the power to decide directly on policy and politicians are responsible for implementing those policy decisions. |
| Pluralist Democracy | a political system in which there is more than one central power of government |
| Referendum | a direct vote by the electorate on a proposal, law, or political issue. |
| Representative Democracy | gov in which the people elect those run the government |
| Brutus No. 1 | main arguments; necessary and proper clause, woth a larger nation how can leaders keep a pulse on everyone?, supremacy clause |
| Faction | political parties or interest groups |
| Federalist No. 10 | factions, with representatives each faction can be represented and help the minority |
| Articles of Confederation | very weak, led to shay's rebellion, only established a legislative branch, gov couldn't tax, raise army, or anything lol |
| Shay's Rebellion | Massachusetts farmers getting heavily taxed, result of the AoC |
| Article V | establishes rules for amending the constitution |
| Bicameral | 2 chambers aka congress |
| Bill of Rights | first 10 amendments |
| Constitutional Convention | delegates from 12/13 states (RIP Rhode Island), made the constitution and made big compromises |
| Electoral College | elects the president through electors from each state |
| Every Student Succeeds Act (2015) | main education law for public schools in the united states |
| Great Compromise | Bicameral legislature! Virginia plan v. NJ plan. |
| New Jersey Plan | made by William Paterson wanted equal representation, one vote per state, small state |
| No Child Left Behind (2002) | education accountability standards, annual tests, |
| Race to the Top | contest created to spur innovation and reforms in state and local K-12 education |
| Ratification | passing a document, amendment, or law. |
| 3/5 Compromise | enslaved persons count for 3/5 of a person for population counts and |
| USA Patriots Act (2001) | used to combat terrorism, strengthened law to conduct surveillance, preform searches, and detain individuals. |
| Virginia Plan | Made by James Madison, wanted representation based on population, wanted 3 branches, bicameral legislature, supremacy |
| Advice and Consent | Congress has the ability to ask department heads and important knowledgeable people for advice and consent concerning bills. |
| Checks and Balances | a governmental ideal coined by Montesquieu, used to hold accountability and limit one branch from getting too powerful. |
| Federalist No. 51 | talked about separation of powers and checks and balances in the US constitution |
| Impeachment | started by HOR, to get rid of the President or charge him of being unconstitutional. |
| Pocket Veto | when the President lets the bill sit idle on his desk and congress is out of session, an informal Veto. |
| Separation of Power | the gov being separated into 3 branches and having separate duties |
| Stakeholders | those who have vested interest in the policy at hand. |
| 2/3 override | when the president uses a veto or pocket veto, if 2/3 of congress votes to override the president and pass the bill anyways. |
| Veto | When the president says no to a bill |
| Block grants | $ given by federal gov to state gov and state reps. decide how to use it |
| Categorical grants | $ given by the gov. for specific purposes |
| Concurrent powers | powers that both the fed and state govs have |
| Coopertive federalism | state and federal gov being more intertwined and connected |
| Defense of Marriage Act (1996) | denies federal government recognition of same sex marriages and allows states to deny same sex marriages recognition. |
| Devolution | When the government steps down, opposite of a revolution, gives the people more power |
| Exclusive Powers | powers that are simply given to the fed gov and not the state gov. |
| Extradition | when someone does a crime in one state and gets held in custody in another state and the state gives the persons back to the state the crime was made in. |
| Federalism | Sharing powers between sate and federal gov. |
| Federal Grants | $ from fed gov to state gov. |
| Fiscal Federalism | federalism with money |
| Full faith and credit clause | states have to acknowledge each others laws and give credit. I get married in Alabama, i can go to Montana and still be recognized as married. |
| Grant-in-aid programs | grants from fed gov usually categorical for welfare, Medicaid, etc. |
| Mandates | mandates...... :) |
| Personal responsibility and work (1996) | required adult recipients of welfare to begin working 2 years after receiving compensation and ended guarantee of welfare to all low income mothers and children |
| ooportunity reconciliation act (1996) | created a block grant for states to provide time-limited cash assistance for needy families, with work requirements for most |
| Police Powers | powers of the police..... |
| Privledges and immunities | no state shall make a law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the US |
| Revenue sharing | sharing revenue between federal and state governments |
| Strings (regarding grants) | probably like blackmail |
| Supremacy Clause | fed gov is supreme |
| Commerce Clause | congress can regulate commerce |
| Dual federalism | state and fed gov is separated and deals with different things |
| Elastic/ necessary and proper clause | congress can make laws that they deem necessary and proper |
| Enumerated Powers | powers explicitly stated in the constitution |
| Fourth Amendment | no search or seizure without a warrant and probable cause |
| implied powers | powers not stated in the constitution |
| McCulloch v. Maryland (1819) | McCulloch was like why do we have a national bank in my state i should get to tax it! ESSENTIALLY: congress has implied powers to make national banks if they are in charge of commerce. |
| Necessary and proper clause | congress can make laws that they deem necessary and proper |
| selective exclusiveness | legal doctrine that states when the commerce at issue requires national, uniform regulation, only congress may regulate it |
| 10th Amendment (1791) | powers not delegated to the federal gov are reserved for the state gov |
| United states v. Lopez | Lopez brought a gun in a school zone, under the commerce clause it said gun free school zones, Supreme court 1 you cant bring that gun in because of the state laws 2 why is that under the commerce clause that is not necessary and proper |
| caucuses | a group of like minded people on certain topics in the HOR and Senate |
| Coalitions | a combination of groups of people who work together to achieve a political goal |
| House of Representatives | one of the houses of congress, representation based on population, 435 members, more formal debate |
| Power of the Purse | congress can regulate money and commerce |
| Senate | other house of congress, equal representation 2 members per state (100 total), more informal debate |
| Seventeenth amendment (1913) | changed how senators were elected to be more for the people |
| War Powers Act (1973) | limited the presidents ability to engage in war without consent from congress |
| Cloture rule | if 60/100 members of the senate want to stop a filibuster |
| Committee of the whole | all HOR members, meet for the consideration of measures from the union calendar |
| Conference Committee | when a bill has to be confirmed after being passed and tweaked by both the HOR and Senate |
| Deficit | a lack |
| Discharge Petitions | used to try and get around obstructionism by the majority party |
| Discretionary spending | spending in congress that they vote on where it goes |
| Filibuster | in the senate, when one member does not want a bill to be passed, he talks for ever until they are out of time and cannot vote on the bill, can be stopped by a cloture |
| Germane | directly related to the bill being discussed |
| Hold | an informal practice by which a senator informs the leadership they wish for a bill not to be discussed. |
| Joint committee | a committee with members of both chamber of congress |
| Logrolling | when the politicians make friends and support each other on an informal agreement "ill vote for your bill if you vote for mine" |
| Mandatory spending | spending that has to be done by congress |
| Omnibus Bill | combines many small bills into one |
| Pork-barrel spending | spending done by congress to make congressmen and women look better so they get reelected |
| President of the Senate | Vice President of the US, not counted in the 100, only there to break ties, Kamala Harris |
| President Pro Tempore | seniority figure of the senate Patty |
| Rider | a nongermane amendment to a bill or an amendment to an appropriation bill that changes the permanent law governing a program funded by the bill. |
| Rules committee | HOR committee for the HOR rules |
| Select committees | made for a specific short term purpose |
| Senate Majority Leader | majority party leader, Chuck Schumer |
| Speaker of the House | leader of the HOR, picks the bills discussed and the committee heads and leadership positions, Mike Johnson |
| Sponsor | a sponsor of a bill or amendment, main person aiming for a certain bill. |
| Uananomous consent | agreement on any question or matter before the senate that sets aside a rule of procedure to expedite proceedings |
| Ways and Means committee | standing committee, in charge of reviewing and making recommendations to the budget |
| Whip | lowest leadership position in both chambers of congress, whips their party into shape |
| Baker v. Carr | in Tennessee, it had not been redistricted in a while and the areas were not equally populated so representation was not equal, ESSENTIALLY: allowed the SCOTUS to reveiw redistricting |
| Delegate Model | a way of being a politician that follows practices that their constituents would want them to |
| gerrymandering | redistricting in order to favor a certain group |
| Gridlock | when congress is evenly split and it is very hard for things to get passed |
| "Lame Duck" President | when there is a gridlock and its very tough for the president to do anything |
| "one person One vote" Policy | came from Baker v. Carr, equal representation in districts |
| Politico Model | way of being a politician that mixes trustee model and delegate model |
| racial gerrymandering | seen in Shaw v. reno, gerrymandering to favor a certain race |
| Shaw v. Reno | the state delegates had redistricted in order to represent the black population there but was decided unconstitutional because of what other people might do with gerrymandering |
| swing district | a district where no single candidate or party has overwhelming support |
| Trustee model | way of being a politician where you believe your constituents trust you to do what is best |
| Bargaining and persuasion | an informal power the president has to convince congress to do something |
| Commander in chief | a formal power the president has to be in charge of all branches of military. |
| Formal powers | powers stated in the constitution |
| Executive agreement | informal power where the president can make not official treaties with other countries by meeting for tea or a crumpet together. |
| Executive Order | where the president can make laws that aren't really laws but are laws.... but only for their presidency |
| Executive Privilege | the power of the president to hide their decsion plan or information from congress |
| Informal powers | powers not stated in the constitution |
| Line-item veto | allows the executive branch to take out certain parts of a bill |
| Policy agenda | a set of issues important to the involved in policy making |
| Signing statements | when the president signs a bill into law he can give his description of how he wants the law to be followed |
| Bill of Rights | 1st 10 amendments designed specifically to guarantee liberties and rights |
| Civil Liberties | Those personal freedoms protected from arbitrary governmental interference or deprivations by constitutional guarantee |
| Marbury V. Madison | Judicial Review. Marbury was a newly elected judge, James Madison would not grant his commission so he could not start. Court ruled that he has the right to his commission but that they don't have the power to tell the president to grant a commission. |
| McCulloch V. Madison | Supremacy clause. National bank in Maryland. Maryland tried to tax it and the bank and court was like omg no you cant do that I'm with the federal gov! |
| Schenck V. US | Made a limit to the freedom of speech, if someone gives a "clear and present danger" then their first amendment no longer protects them. |
| Brown V. Board of Education | Redefined 14th amendment. got ride of Plessy v Ferguson of "separate but equal "Desegregated schools |
| Baker V. Carr | Allowed the judicial branch to review redistricting. Tennessee had not redistrict in a while and the populations became unproportional. |
| Engel V. Vitale | reinstated freedom of religion. stopped public schools from teaching or participating in religion. |
| Gideon V. Wainwright | everyone gets a lawyer! Florida did not let Gideon have a lawyer, he represented himself and it went to SC and get ruled unconstitutional! |
| Tinker V. Des Moines | Freedom of speech and symbolic speech. Protected peaceful protests. Tinker and a group of friends wore arm bands to protest the Vietnam war, principal suspended them, parents sued, SC ruled in favor of parents |
| NYT V. US | reinstated freedom of pres. NYT posted leaked government docs about the Vietnam war, ruled in favor of the NYT. |
| Wisconsin V. Yoder | Free Exercise Clause. Amish students stopped going to school after 8th grade, Wisconsin sued, Sc ruled in favor of the Amish. |
| Shaw V. Reno | Racial gerrymandering. 14th equal protection clause. NC redistrict to favor the black population after civil rights movement but SC said that is unconstitutional because of the dangerous precedent it could have. |
| US V. Lopez | Limit governmental authority. Lopez had brought a gun to school and under the commerce clause there was a law that said no guns in schools but wtf does that have to do with commerce? |
| McDonald V. Chicago | Second amendment goes down to the states. Chicago banned new handguns, McDonald sued and SC ruled that t was up to the states. |
| Citizens United V. Federal Election Commission | ruled that $ from an outside source is okay in election doesn't count and is fine. Hillary Clinton made a movie showing how good of a president she would be and was funded from an outside source. Sc ruled fine its from an outside source. |
| establishment Clause | Government cannot establish an official religion, nor can they promote one religion over another. |
| Free Exercise Clause | Prevents government from stopping certain religious practices (unless it's illegal or threatens the interest of the community) |
| Lemon V. Kurtzman | Ruled that teacher of private schools who taught secular classes could get compensation from the state. This created the Lemon Test. |
| Wall of Separation | SC constructed what Thomas Jefferson had created a "wall of separation" between church and state. |
| Procedural Due Process | requires gov. officials to follow fair treatment of law in steps of rights before depriving someone of life liberty or property |
| Substantive Due Process | Requires gov to only concern themselves in instances that are needed and don't violate the privacy act in the 9th amendment |
| Selective Incorporation | the act of deciding which BOR amendments apply to the states |
| Exclusionary Rule | If an official acquires evidence illegally, it cannot be used as evidence in court |
| Equal Protection Clause | No state shall deny equal protection of law to anyone in the US |
| Civil Rights Act 1964 | prohibits discrimination on any basis of race, color, sex, national origin, or religion. |
| Title IX | Prohibits sex based discrimination |
| Affirmative Action | a set of policies or procedures that are set to benefit a previously oppressed group |
Created by:
smithm101