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ICP B
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Which scientist’s discovery of mysterious radiation from uranium first sparked Marie Curie’s interest? | Henri Becquerel |
| Why did Marie Curie believe that the radiation from thorium was emitted from inside the atoms of the element? | The radiation was unaffected by chemical or physical changes and only depended on the quantity of thorium |
| How did the Curies discover new elements in pitchblende? | They realized that pitchblende was highly radioactive and that uranium alone could not be the source of all the radiation |
| What new elements did Marie and Pierre Curie discover? | Radium and polonium |
| In 1911, what unique milestone did Marie Curie achieve? | She became the only person, male or female, to win two Nobel prizes in two different sciences to date |
| Who first coined the term "radioactivity? | Marie Curie |
| Which of the following metals is the most important for research in radioactivity? | uranium |
| What was unusual about the exposure of photographic plates by uranium? | no external energy output was required |
| Who incorrectly theorized that atoms were indivisible and that all atoms of a given element were identical? | John Dalton |
| Which isotope of carbon is radioactive? | carbon-14 |
| The element name __________ references the native country of Marie Curie | Polonium |
| The radioactive isotope of hydrogen is hydrogen-3. It consists of 1 proton and ____ neutron(s). | 2 |
| Henri Becquerel studied salts of what element? | uranium |
| Radioactive elements typically have one of two characteristics. Select the correct two characteristics. | unbalanced proton to neutron ratio; high atomic numbers |
| The rate of decay of a radioactive substance is calculated by: | The time taken for half of the material to decay |
| Nuclear _________ is the splitting of atoms into smaller parts. | fission |
| From where does the sun get its energy? | nuclear fusion |
| What particle collides with a fissionable nucleus in order to begin the fission process? | neutron |
| What two elements are created after the fission of uranium-235? | krypton-92; barium-141 |
| In a fission reaction, since multiple neutrons are released to help continue the reaction, it is also known as a ______ reaction | chain |
| In a fusion reaction, two hydrogen atoms come together to form | helium |
| A chemical reaction is _____ powerful compared to a nuclear reaction | less |
| Where is the radioactive element found in a nuclear power plant? | In the reactor core |
| What type of nuclear reaction occurs in a nuclear power plant? | Fission |
| What is water used for in a nuclear power plant? | As a moderator for the nuclear reaction; To create steam; To cool off the hot water |
| What are control rods? | Metal rods which absorb excess neutrons and help keep the nuclear reaction at a controlled rate |
| Where is the nuclear reactor located? | Enclosed in a shield made of thick, concrete walls |
| The fuel rods of a nuclear power plant are typically comprised of a fissionable form of what element? | uranium |
| What is the purpose of a cooling tower of a nuclear power plant? | lower the temperature of water so it can be reused |
| Put the chain of events in order. One option will not be used. In a nuclear power plant, the nuclear reaction | converts water into steam, which then spins the turbine, which then generates electricity |
| Which of the following are concerns about nuclear power plants? Check all that apply. | the possibility of a nuclear meltdown; how to store the radioactive waste |
| Why has nuclear fusion not been used to produce power on Earth? | Fusion only occurs in high temperature high pressure plasmas, which cannot yet be controlled. |
| Radio waves, x-rays, and visible light are examples of ___________ radiation. | electromagnetic |
| What type of radiation damages DNA? | ionizing radiation |
| What type of electromagnetic radiation is ionizing? | Radiation at the highest energy level |
| When lots of ionizing radiation hits your body in a short amount of time, this is called an - exposure. | acute |
| How are humans daily exposed to low levels of ionizing radiation? | Radon gas, dentists x-rays, bananas, sun exposure |
| The nucleus of an element is not always fixed. The nucleus of an element can change from one element to another. This process is | radioactivity |
| When an electron is emitted from a nucleus, it is called a - particle. | beta |
| When an unstable nucleus ejects an electron, | The electron comes from the nucleus, it is called a beta particle, it is generated when a neutron transforms into a proton and an electron |
| An alpha particle | Is a helium nucleus |
| Smoke detectors contain a radioactive isotope that can be harmful to your health. | False |
| Gamma rays | Are not particles |
| Isotopes | Have different number of neutrons |
| Pierre and Marie Curie | Were the first to use the term "radioactivity" |
| Marie Curie found that radioactivity was due to the amount of - and not a chemical reaction | Polonium |
| Radioactivity | Is the process in which an unstable atomic nucleus emits charged particles and energy |
| Radioactive isotope or radioisotope for short | Any atom containing an unstable nucleus |
| Nuclear radiation | Refers to charged particles and energy emitted from the nuclei |
| Four types of radioactive decay | Alpha, beta, gamma, and positron (very rare) |
| Alpha Decay | Made up of 2 protons and 2 neutrons (Helium nucleus) |
| Alpha Decay | Positively charged 2+ |
| Alpha Decay | This is what was used in the gold foil experiment |
| Alpha particle symbol | 4/2 He, shows its mass and charge |
| Beta Decay | Is an electron emitted by an unstable nucleus; a neutron decomposes into a proton and an electron; the proton stays trapped in the nucleus, while the electron (beta particle) is released |
| Beta Particle | Is assigned an atomic number of -1. A beta particle is assigned a mass number of 0. |
| Gamma ray | Is a penetrating ray of energy emitted by an unstable nucleus |
| Gamma radiation | Has no mass and no charge |
| Gamma rays | Like x-rays and visible light, they are energy waves that travel through space at the speed of light |
| Often times gamma rays accompany - | beta |
| Positron | A positive electron (a form of antimatter) |
| alpha particle | a helium nucleus that is emitted from a radioactive atom. |
| beta particle | a high-speed electron that is emitted from a radioactive atom. |
| gamma particle | a high-energy photon (particle of light) that is emitted from a radioactive nucleus. |
| What stops alpha? | paper |
| nuclear radiation | the emission of alpha particles, beta particles, or gamma rays from the nucleus of an atom |
| mass number | the number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an atom |
| atomic number | the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom. |
| isotope | Atoms that have the same number of protons (and are therefore the same element) but different numbers of neutrons. |
| fission | breaking a large nucleus into smaller nuclei; This is what releases the energy in nuclear reactors and atomic bombs. |
| The subatomic particle that causes chain reactions in nuclear reactors and atomic bombs. | The neutron |
| fusion | Smashing smaller nuclei together to form larger nuclei. This releases even more energy than nuclear fission. |
| Can you change the rate of nuclear decay? | No The rate of radioactive decay is not changed by any factors. |
| How are nuclear chain reaction rates controlled in a nuclear reactor? | Neutrons are absorbed or slowed down by graphite control rods and water surrounding the uranium in the reactor. |
| Radioactive half-life | The time for half the radioactive nuclei in any sample to undergo radioactive decay. |
| Used to estimate the age of living things years after they die. | carbon dating. |
| What stops beta radiation? | metal |
| What stops gamma radiation? | lead or concrete |
| The largest natural element. Fuel for fission reactors | uranium (several isotopes) |
| when one fission causes another and another | chain reaction |
| type of radioactive reaction found in the sun | fusion |
| type of nuclear reaction found in nuclear power plants | fission |
| What type of decay occurs when Pascalium-234 turns to uranium-234? | beta decay |
| What type of decay occurs polonium-214 decays to lead-210? | alpha decay |
| What type of decay occurs between polonium-210 to polonium-210? | gamma decay |
| Nuclear Fusion | The goal is to product larger atoms from the collision of smaller atoms. As a result, tighter packing, huge release of energy. |
| Nuclear Fusion | In the sun, hydrogen isotopes are fused to form helium |
| Fission | Splitting apart. The neutrons collisions can split atoms into two isotopes. The two atoms are roughly half of the original atom. A small amount of mass is left over and released as energy. |
| Fusion | Fusing together. |
| The USA | Is the largest producer of nuclear power |
| Nuclear power plant - 1) | The radioactive rods are in the reactor vessel along with water |
| Nuclear power plant - 2) | Fission of the uranium rods heats water to steam |
| Nuclear power plant 3) | Control rods are used to regulate the reaction, absorbing excess neutrons |
| Nuclear power plant 4) | The steam passes through the turbine and causes the turbine to spin, generating electricity |
| Nuclear power plant 5) | As the steam condenses, it is run through a cooling tower to lower its temperature. The water then recirculates through the system to be used again |
| Nuclear power plants safety protocols for people and environment issues | Workers have to wear protective clothing to reduce exposure to nuclear radiation. Nuclear power produces radioactive waste with half-lives of hundreds or thousands of years. |
| Nuclear power plants safety protocols for people and environment issues | Nuclear power plants do NOT emit air pollution (radioactive waste stays contained) |
| Nuclear power plants on earth | Use fission. |
| Achieving nuclear fusion | Very challenging. Extremely high temperature required to achieve on earth. |
Created by:
Hanna1975