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HLTH 237 Test 1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| language communicates | attitudes, beliefs, and values |
| Illicit substances | viewed as dangerous and malicious |
| Licit substances | viewed as accepted part of cultural activities |
| are licit or illicit substances more damaging to societal functioning and public health? | licit drugs |
| the drug paradox is demonstrated by historic and contemporary ________ _________ | policy responses |
| public laws towards substance use in Canada | punitive, stigmatizing |
| what is a psychoactive drug? | alter central and autonomic nervous systems |
| how might a psychoactive drug alter the CNS | thoughts, emotions, behaviour |
| how might a psychoactive drug alter the ANS | balance our systems or disrupt core biological function (cardio, endocrine, immune, digestive, disrupt our ability to sleep and dream) |
| drugs definition | substance used to alter one's mind and bodily functions (intentionally or unintentionally) |
| drug dependency interchangeable terms | drug use, drug abuse, drug dependence, and drug addiction |
| DSM IV drug abuse & dependence | used to be seperate categories/diagnoses, takig into account socioeconomic and environmental factors |
| DSM V abuse and dependence | one disorder:drug use disorder, which is seperated into categories of severity |
| how has the idea of drug addiction evolved through history | morality and productivity were tied to how much of a "problem" it was |
| Addiction post industrial revolution | indiscriminate, caused by the disease, uncontrollable, only option is abstinence |
| medical/disease model of addiction | looks only at the biological basis of addiction, distances the morality and sociological/psychological components |
| free will/moral model of addiction | ability to maintain "self-control", is very much abstinence based, addiction is simply the choice of an individual |
| social reality of drugs and drug use | plenty of sociological factors, has to do with the paradox of how we view drugs/public perception - concepts and understanding beyond medicalized are needed |
| examples of empirically-based biopsychosocial models of addiction | getting info from safe injection sites - how is it affecting the environment, the individuals, and the community |
| cost of substance abuse to human life | licit drugs cause more health hazards according to his data |
| what happened to drug use prior to 2020 | substance use-attributable death counts were starting to decline |
| why would drug related death counts have increased in 2020 | services would have been closed due to covid |
| direct social costs posed by substance use | health care and law enforcement |
| indirect social costs posed by substance use | productivity losses, premature mortality |
| CBC doc about fentanyl addict | cycle of expectations, appeal, mindsets and realities of active drug users |
| according to the moral model, substance use is a matter of what? | personal choice and personal weakness |
| Canadian law enforcement follows which kind of model? | moral model, where the individual is immoral and to blame |
| accountability under the moral model | criminalization of the individual and informal social sanctions |
| disease/medical model assumes individuals who develop dependence are ... | victims, experiencing a loss of control / biological condition or brain disorder |
| disease/medical model treatment approaches | rehab/treatment is possible and necessary, done by medical professionals or AA groups, etc |
| criticisms of diease model | limits substance use to diseased/not diseased, not fully able to explain dependence, does not address emotions or complexities |
| 3 biological explanations of substance dependence | nature/drive , genetic, neurobiological |
| nature/drive theory | everyone can become dependent, humans are naturally compelled to alter their consciousness |
| arguments against nature/drive theory | not all groups in history have used substances, substances are different than food/sex |
| genetic theories assume ... | inheritable gene(s) that can explain differential susceptibility, affect how me metabolize and experience substances |
| genetic theory examples | asian populations more vulnerable to negative alcohol reactions, african american populations metabolizing faster |
| have they discovered an addiction gene? | no, genetics aren't full determinative |
| have there been adoption studies for genetic theory? | yes, show an effect but there are a lot of confounding factors |
| conclusions with genetic theories | probably has some effect, but there are also other biological, psychological, and sociological factors that influence drug use |
| Neurobiological theory | aimed at understanding how people process information (learning/memory/sensation/perception) |
| 2 potential mechanisms of neurobiological theory | intracellular signalling, synaptic plasticity |
| intracellular signalling of neurobiological theory | nerve cells adapt to changes produced by external influences like psychoactive drugs |
| synaptic plasticity of neurobiological theory | environmental stimuli become associated with drug use and become linked to positive memory and sensation |
| problems with neurobiological theories | similar to disease model, same in all humans, reductionist (does not account for complexities of human behaviour) |
| are biological explanations deterministic explanations? | no, they are predispositions that complement psychological and sociological explanations |
| 3 types of psychological explanations | personality, behavioural, psychopathology |
| personality theory of drug use | uses the five factor model of personality, pretty consistent across time and place |
| what are the five models of personality? | OCEAN: openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeable, neuroticism |
| what personality combination has a higher risk of use of substances? | more neuroticism, openness, lacking conscioentiousness |
| what personality type has a decreased likelihood of alcohol use and misuse? | more agreeableness |
| problems with personality theories | lack of consistency in measuring and operationalization, not a lot of concrete evidence, human behaviour not 100% personality |
| 2 behavioural theories | social learning and cognitive behavioural |
| social learning theory | people learn to use/misuse substances from watching/modelling behaviour of others |
| what kind of conditioning is seen in the social learning theory | operant - positive and negatice reinforcements influence behaviour |
| positive reinforcement | good things occur because of use |
| negative reinforcement | bad things cause continued use |
| punishment | decreases the likelihood of behaviour, not as much as positive reinforcement |
| extinction | positive reinforcement for drug use gradually diminishes |
| cognitive behavioural theory | how people thing and feel about themselves affects how they behave, behaviour can be changed by learning new, positive ways of thinking |
| psychopathology connects what 2 things? | substance use to mental disorders |
| theoris of concurrent disorder (psychopathology) | similar brain processes, common elements in environment/biology, self-medicating for mental disorder |
| research on specific mental disorder | like ADHD, might induce depression/anxiety, schizophrenics are commonly tobacco/cannabis uses |
| drawback to psychopathology theory | is the person self-medicating to deal with undiagnosed mental illness, or did substance use develop/trigger mental illness (which came first) |
| there is a general lack of _____ in sociological theories concerning individual substances and frequency of use | specificity |
| how is specificity lacking in sociological theories | general use rather than diagnostic criteria, use/misuse and dependence, legal vs illegal substances |
| control theories | social bonding and self control theory |
| strain theories | anomie/strain and general strain |
| subcultural theories | labelling, differential association, social learning |
| combined theories | differential opportunity, drift theory, routine activities theory |
| conflict theories | marxian conflict and pluralist conflict |
| post modern theories | normalization thesis and foucault and biopower |
| what is the "natural" state of humans? | to pursue pleasure and minimize pain |
| why do people choose conformity to conventional order? | relationships with other people and society, authority |
| _______ of social bonds influences engagement in devient behaviour | strength |
| what are the 4 elements of the social bonding theory | attachment, commitment, involvement, belief |
| attachment | nature of bonds of a person's relationships |
| commitment | rational component of bonds - pros/cons, strong commitments less likely to use problematically |
| involvement | people involved in conventional activities and relationships have no time for non-conformity |
| belief | internalization of dominant value system - beliefs about drugs are important predictors of use |
| self-control theory | addiction is not a dispositional trait inherent at birth, influenced by opportunities and constraints, instilled through adequate parenting/monitoring |
| substance use is a ___________ response to stressful or disadvantaged circumstances | normal |
| strain theory is that use is because of .... | external forces, not weakening of controls |
| why do people share common goals? | to pursue material success and wealth |
| anomie theory | adapting to lack of conventional means of achieving goals by releasing frustration through alternative means |
| adaptations to anomie | conformity, innovation, ritualism, retreatism, rebellion |
| general strain theory | strain - negative emotional state - negative coping strategies like substance use |
| 33 potential sources of strain | failure to achieve goals, removal of positive stimuli, actual or anticipated negative stimuli |
| subculture theories focus on | social influences and situatioins |
| subculture theory | subcultures have different definitions or beliefs about drugs and drug use |
| in subculture theory, individuals are pushed or persuaded into deviancy by... | influential role models |
| differential association theory accounts for | current involvement and past involvement in subcultures |
| in differential association theory, which components influence one another? | individual and situation |
| what are the 3 elements of differential association theory | influence of others, learning of beliefs/attitudes, frequency/duration/intensity of interactions with others |
| differential association-reinforcement theory is the social learning theory with | a sociological component |
| 4 core concepts for differential association-reinforcement theory | imitation, differential association, differential reinforcement, definition |
| labelling theory | stigma and derogatory labels affect a person's view of themselves |
| what are combined/integrated theories of substance use? | combines theories to better explain drug use and dependence |
| differential opportunity theory says that people in disadvantaged circumstances | have opporunities to succeed and have choices |
| individuals lacking legit opportunities to succeed put themselves in one of three subcultures: | criminal, conflict, retreatist |
| drift theory | youth who are released from conventional control may drift into unconventional behaviour |
| routine activities and lifestyle theory | people may not seek out, but will act on opportunities for deviant behaviour |
| conflict theories highlight the importance of... | power and dominance at an institutional level, inequalities |
| Marxian conflict theory | economics and class, laws are created to maintain status quo, money = power, looks at poverty, social exclusion, and lack of meaning in one's work lead to dependence |
| pluralist conflict theory | role of power in social inequalities, power evident in structures and relationships ie. war on drugs |
| post-modern theories | takes a critical view of authorities and challenges existing understanding of social structures |
| normalization thesis | substance use is not abnormal or deviant, regular part of everyday life, individual can choose when, how, and where to use |
| foucault and biopower | addict "identity" is an intersection, discourse analysis, and biopower |
| biopower | discipling body and regulation of populations |
| example of biopower | methadone maintenance therapy, keeps people productive and healthy |
| emphasis on models of substance use should be | holistic; no single explanation, range of research, multiple interrelated factors to consider |
| accountability - criminalization | laws, regulations, punishment |
| accountability - informal social sanctions | expressed disapproval of immoral behaviour by family and friends to losing a job or place to live |
Created by:
esavoy