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Bio 169 Final Exam
Chapters 13-24
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Steroid hormones are | soluble in lipids, they combine with protein receptor molecules, they act by causing the synthesis of messenger RNA molecules they act by |
| As a rule, hormone concentrations are controlled by | Negative feedback mechanisms |
| Which hormone is secreted by nerve fibers in the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland? | antidiuretic hormone |
| The secretion of parathyroid hormone is controlled primarily by the | concentration of blood calcium |
| Insulin | Causes a decrease in the concentration of blood glucose |
| Which organ has both endocrine and exocrine functions? | Pancreas |
| What hormone causes calcium to be deposited in bones? | Calcitonin |
| Where are the hormones that are secreted by the posterior pituitary made? | in the hypothalamus |
| Oxytocin is sometimes administered to women following childbirth to stimulate | uterine contractions |
| cretinism is caused by | Hypothyroidism |
| Simple goiter is most likely to affect people who live in regions where the soil lacks | Iodine |
| Cancer patients often develop endocrine disorders because | Cancer cells sometimes secrete hormones in appropriately |
| Treatment of noninsulin dependent diabetes mellitus usually involves | controlling diet, exercising regularly, maintaining a desirable weight |
| a hormone is defined as a ________and the target cell is defined as_________. | Substance that has a metabolic effect on another cell; a cell that possesses specific receptors for hormone molecules |
| a steroid hormone acts on a target cell by | directly causing protein synthesis |
| up regulation of a target cell can occur in response to | a prolonged decrease in the level of a hormone |
| within an hour of injection, Human Growth Hormone cannot be detected in the blood. This is due to the ... | Half-life |
| ADH and oxytocin are secreted by | Neurosecretory cells |
| Releasing hormones are substances whose target cells are in the anterior pituitary gland. | True |
| The biconcave cells in blood that lack nuclei when they are mature are the | red blood cells |
| platelets are best described as | cytoplasmic fragments of cells |
| the basic event in the formation of a blood clot is the change of | fibrinogen to fibrin |
| of the following which are most active as phagocytes? erythrocytes neutrophils platelets eosinophils | netrophils |
| erythroblastosis fetalis is most likely to become a problem in Rh-negative mothers as | a second Rh-positive fetus develops |
| the condition called cyanosis is caused by an increased blood concentration of | deoxyhemoglobin |
| vitamin B-12 is poorly absorbed in the absence of | intrinsic factor |
| Pus is composed of | Leukocytes bacteria damaged body cells |
| A pulmonary embolism is most likely caused by a clot reaching | a lung through a pulmonary artery |
| Oxyhemoglobin is _____ in color, whereas deoxyhemoglobin is ________ in color. | Bright red; bluish |
| which of the following is correct concerning granulocytes? a. contains granules in the cytoplasm b. larger than an RBC c. formed in the red bone marrow d. all of these are correct | d. all of these are correct |
| Vitamin K | is essential for the synthesis of prothrombin |
| Which of the following drinks should not be imbibed with a meal because it reduces the amount of iron absorbed? a. milk b. tea c. coffee d. wine | b. tea |
| Petechiae are symptoms of | thrombocytopenia |
| Which of the following blood types is most common in the US? | O type blood |
| In an adult, red blood cells are produced primarily in the liver? | False |
| Persons with type AB blood are sometimes called universal donors? | False |
| A blood cell contains a large nucleus; it is thicker near the center and thin around the rim of the cell. | False |
| the loose fitting sac around the heart is the | parietal pericardium |
| represent the correct sequence of parts through which blood moves in passing from the vena cava to the lungs | right atrium->tricuspid valve->right ventricle->pulmonary valve |
| the correct sequence of parts that function to carry cardiac impulses is the | SA Node, AV Node, AV Bundle, Purkinje fibers |
| Which type of blood vessels holds the greatest volume of blood? | Vein |
| Which of the following is not a branch of the aorta? a. right coronary artery b. pulmonary artery c. brachiocephalic artery d. left subclavian artery | B. Pulmonary artery |
| The celiac artery provides blood to the | liver and spleen |
| The blood pressure in the systemic arteries is greatest during | ventricular systole |
| The inner lining of the heart is the | endocardium |
| The normal pacemaker of the heart is the | sinoatrial node |
| With a stethoscope placed at the tip of the sternum, sounds can be heard coming from the | tricuspid valve |
| which of the following would produce the most life threatening condition? a.atrial flutter b. ventricular flutter c. atrial fibrillation d. ventricular fibrillation | d. ventricular fibrillation |
| Which of the following might serve as a secondary pacemaker for the heart a. A-V Node b. Purkinje fibers c. Both A-V node and purkinje fibers d. Neither A-V node or purkinje fibers | c. both A-V node and pukinje fibers |
| Swelling of the tissues in the lower extremities is most likely to be caused by a failing.. | right ventricle |
| Which of the following is not a factor that seems to increase the susceptibility to artherosclerosis? a. diet high in unsaturated fats b. high blood pressure c. lack of physical exercise d. obesity | a. diet high in unsaturated fats |
| describe the location of the heart chambers and valves. | bicuspid valve- permits one-way blood flow from the left atrium to the left ventricle |
| Water and dissolved substances leave the arteriole end of a capillary due to ___, and enter the venule end of a capillary due to ___. | hydrostatic pressure being higher than osmotic pressure; osmotic pressure being higher than hydrostatic pressure. |
| The arterial disease atherosclerosis is characterized by | the accumulation of soft masses of fatty materials (plaques), especially cholesterol, on the inside artery wall. Plaques decreasing blood flow through the affected artery. the increased possibility of forming a blood clot. |
| How many liters of blood does the heart pump in a 24 hour period? | 7000 liters |
| The pulmonary circuit | sends deoxygenated blood to the lungs |
| The systemic circuit | brings oxygenated blood to the tissues |
| Cells of the conducting system in the heart are more sensitive to which ion? | Potassium |
| Which of the following is not a factor in cholesterol accumulation? a. diet b. genetic disposition c. gender d. exercise | c. Gender |
| The coronary sinus drains blood from the wall of the heart in to the left atrium? | False |
| The distribution of blood in capillary pathways is largely controlled by the action of precapillary sphincters? | False |
| The aorta is the largest artery within the pulmonary circuit? | True |
| Capillary walls consists of a single layer of epithelial cells and they function to exchange substances in the blood for substances in the tissue fluid? | True |
| Arteries are strong, elastic vessels that carry blood to the heart? | False |
| The blood-brain barrier functions to reduce the amount of blood flowing into the cerebral tissue through the cerebral arteries? | False |
| The structure of a lymphatic vessel is most similar to that of a | vein |
| the two collecting ducts that drain the lymphatic trunks are the | thoracic duct and right lymphatic duct |
| the formation of lymph increases as a result of | increasing osmotic pressure in tissue fluid |
| which of the following is an example of a specific body defense mechanism? a. immunity b. inflammation c. enzyme action d. phagocytosis | a. immunity |
| the most active phagocytic cells found in circulating blood are | neutrophils and monocytes |
| T-lymphocytes are responsible for | B. cell mediated immunity |
| The functions of the lymphatic system do not | |
| T-Lymphocytes are responsible for | cell-mediated immunity |
| the functions of the lymphatic system do not include | transporting hormones to intestinal smooth muscle |
| lymphnodes occur in groups throughout the body except in the | CNS Central Nervous System |
| Following a primary immune response, the cells that give rise to memory cells are | B cells only |
| The cells called cytotoxic T cells destroy | cancer and virus containing cells |
| A newborn may have some defense against digestive and respiratory disturbances because IgA obtained from it's mothers | Milk |
| Which of the following is not an autoimmune disorder? a. Multiple Sclerosis b. Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus c. all of these are correct d. juvenile rheumatoid arthritis | c. All of these are correct? |
| An antigen is ____ , whereas an antibody is ___. | a foreign substance such as a protein or a polysaccharide to which lymphocytes respond; a globular protein that reacts with an antigen to eliminate them. |
| Plasma cells function to | Produce antibody molecules |
| a vaccine produces its effects by | stimulating a primary immune response |
| The response that first activates if a person is stung be a bee is the | innate defense |
| An immune response that is slower to respond, but more specific for the pathogen is the | adaptive defense |
| A cascade effect that occurs in response to foreign proteins in the body, is initiated by | the complement system |
| Lymphatic capillaries are thin-walled, closed-ended tubes? | True |
| The movement of lymph through lymphatic vessels is caused largely by muscular activities? | True |
| The thymus tends to increase in size after puberty? | False: becomes relatively smaller |
| Older red blood cells may be destroyed in the spleen? | True |
| Normal immune responses require the presence of both T lymphocytes and B lymphocytes? | True |
| Nonspecific resistance includes mechanical barriers and the actions of enzymes, whereas specific resistance is immunity against specific disease-causing agents? | True |
| Active immunity involves a person receiving an injection of man-made antibodies. | True |
| The salivary enzyme amylase functions to digest | carbohydrates |
| The main part of the stomach is called the a. pyloric region b. all of these are correct c. cardiac region d. fundic region | b. none of these are correct (body) |
| A relatively new treatment in the management of gastric ulcers is a drug that inhibits the production of HCl in the stomach. If a person took this medication for a long period of time, the digestion of what would be affected the most? | Proteins |
| The parietal cells of the gastric glands secrete | hydrochloric acid |
| Cholecystokinin from the intestinal wall is stimulated by the presence of | protein and fat in the small intestines |
| Name the sequence of digestion of lipids. | 1.emulsification of bile 2.hydrolysis by pancreatic lipase 3.dissolved in the epithelial cell membrane 4.formation of chylomicrons 5.diffusion into lacteal ducts |
| The liver functions to | store vitamin D form glucose from noncarbohydrates destroy damaged red blood cells |
| One of the major functions of the large intestines is to | reabsorb water from chyme |
| Peristalsis occurs in the digestive tract | from the pharynx to the anus |
| The epithelial cells that form from the inner lining of the small intestine | are replaced every few days |
| The digestive functions of saliva include | digesting starch into disaccharides dissolving food chemicals acting as a lubricant during swallowing |
| The effects of sympathetic nerve impulses on the alimentary canal are ___ and parasympathetic impulses are ___. | inhibitory, or slow down activity; stimulative, or increases in activity. |
| Which layer of the alimentary canal is responsible for absorption of nutrients? | mucosa |
| Non-directional movements through the small intstines are performed by | segmentation |
| The epiglottis is attached to which structure? | Larynx |
| Peyer's patches are | Lymph nodules |
| ____ pick up cholesterol from the peripheral tissues and returns it to the liver. | HDL |
| Cholesterol is recycled in the synthesis of | Bile salts |
| A set of primary teeth consists of 20 teeth, while a set of secondary teeth consists of 32 teeth? | True |
| The esophagus provides a passageway for substances from the larynx to the bronchi? | False |
| Food passing from the stomach through the small intestines would first pass the duodenum, then the jejunum, and lastly the ileum? | True |
| Which of the following is not a monasaccharide? a. sucrose b. glucose c. galactose d. fructose | a. sucrose |
| The cells that are most dependent upon a continual supply of glucose are those of the | Nervous system |
| A negative nitrogen balance is characterized by | a net loss of amino acids |
| Intrinsic factor regulates the absorption of | Vitamin B12 |
| The fat soluble vitamins include | vitamins A, D and K |
| Which of the following is an example of a trace element? a. Sulfur b. magnesium c. chlorine d. iron | d. iron |
| The American heart Association recommends that the percentage of calories in a person's diet derived from fats should not exceed | 30 % |
| The food substances most clearly associated with the development of cancer is | Fats |
| Dietary fiber seems to inhibit the development of colon cancer by | promoting the movement of intestinal contents |
| Kwashiorkor is a condition that may develop in children who have dietary deficiencies of | proteins |
| In order to lose one pound of fat, a person's diet must provide a deficit of | 3500 calories per week |
| All of the essential amino acids must be present in the body at the same time for growth and tissue repair because | the protein synthesis process cannot occur if they are absent |
| Factors that affect BMR are | the levels of endocrine activity body temperature body size |
| The direct cause of obesity is | a positive energy balance |
| Which of the following is not an example of a monounsaturated fat? a. crisco oil b. peanut oil c. olive oil d. canola oil | a. crisco oil |
| Why is high fat content in breast milk important? | It supplies lipids to ensheath the neurons of the brain. |
| What percentage of Americans are obese? | 30 % percent |
| The glycemic index refers to | the rate of entry of glucose into the bloodstream |
| Eating which of the following would you expect to slow the rate of entry of glucose into the bloodstream? a. oatmeal b. linguini c. potatoe d. rice | a. Oatmeal |
| Iron containing vitamins are | the most toxic types to consume |
| Drinking salt water could result in | shrinking brain cells |
| Linoleic acid is an essential amino acid? | False (fatty acid) |
| A complete protein is one that contains adequate amounts of the essential amino acids? | True |
| About 75% of the minerals in the body are found in the bones and teeth as calcium and phosphorus, and their concentrations are generally regulated by homeostatic mechanisms? | True |
| Which of these laryngeal cartilages occurs singly rather than in pairs? a. cricoid b. arytenoid c. corniculate d. cuneform | a. cricoid |
| Mocroorganisms removed from incoming air by sticky mucous are most likely to be destroyed by | the digestive action of gastric juices |
| The walls of the alveoli are composed of | simple squamous epithelium |
| The force that causes air to move into the lungs during inspiration is supplied by | atmospheric pressure |
| The amount of air that enters or leaves the lungs during a normal respiratory cycle is the | tidal volume |
| Is the carbon dioxide content of the air inside the lungs always higher than the outside air as a result of the dead air space of the respiratory tracts? | Yes/ True |
| The amount of oxygen released from oxyhemoglobin increases when | carbon dioxide concentration increases |
| the portion of the respiratory center that is responsible for establishing the basic pattern of breathing is the | rhythmicity area |
| Of the respiratory air volumes listed, which one has the largest volume? a. expiratory reserve volume b. inspiratory reserve volume c. vital capacity d. tidal volume | c. vital capacity |
| The condition of newborns called respiratory distress syndrome is caused by a | lack of surfactant |
| the visceral and parietal plural membranes are normally held together by | surface tension |
| the condition in which air enters the pleural cavity is called | pneumothorax |
| Which type of air volumes cannot be measured using a simple spirometer? | residual volume |
| during an asthma attack, the patient usually finds it most difficult to | exhale |
| The mucous membrane lining the nasal cavity functions to | warm incoming air moisten incoming air entrap dust and other small particles |
| Hyperventilation is most likely to be accompanied by a | decrease in blood CO2 concentration and a rise in pH |
| The pharynx functions as a ___, whereas the larynx functions as a ___. | Common passageway for air and food, passageway for air only |
| The right lung is composed of ___ lobes; the left lung is composed of ___ lobes. | superior, middle, and inferior; superior and inferior |
| The first event in expiration is | the diaphragm and external respiratory muscles relax |
| When a person exhales, the atmospheric pressure in the lungs is the lower than that outside the body because the volume in the lungs has decrease. This results in the outside air pushing into the lungs. This relationship is termed | Boyles Law |
| Yawning is thought to be a primitive brainstem mechanism | That helps to maintain alertness |
| The pneumotaxic center and apneustic center | contribute to the basic rhythm of breathing |
| Stimulation of the respiratory centers usually occurs when the partial pressure of oxygen is | 50 % of normal |
| Which of the following is important in maintaining the pH of blood? a. O2 b. PO2 c. CO2 d. N2 | c. CO2 |
| The hypoxia associated with high altitude can cause | vasoconstriction of the pulmonary blood vessels |
| The renal corpuscle includes the | glomerulus and glomerular capsule |
| Name the correct sequence in the parts of the renal tubules from beginning to end. | Proximal convoluted tubule, descending limb, ascending limb, distal convoluted tubule |
| The reabsorption of glucose occurs primarily through the walls of the | proximal convoluted tubule |
| the counter current mechanism functions primarily in the | nephron loop |
| The hormone ADH functions to promote water absorption through the walls of the | distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct |
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