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Supreme Court Cases
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Decision: Minersville School District v. Gobitis (1940) | Freedom of religion does not excuse people from obeying their duties as American citizens. |
| Decision: West Virginia v. Barnette (1943) | Being forced to salute the flag violates the First Amendment right to free speech. |
| Decision: Tinker v. Des Moines (1969) | Armbands are symbolic speech that should be allowed in schools because they did not cause any disruption to the learning environment. |
| Decision: Bethel School District v. Fraser (1986) | The school could ban lewd or offensive language without violating free speech |
| Decision: Ingraham v. Wright (1977) | The right to no cruel and unusual punishment is only reserved for criminals. Due process is not feasible in schools, but schools maintain rules and codes of conduct for discipline. |
| Decision: Plessy v. Ferguson | The Constitution only protects legal equality, not social equality |
| Decision: Brown v. Board of Education | Segregation sends a message that children of color are inferior. |
| Impact: Plessy v. Ferguson | The decision gave rise to the doctrine "separate but equal," though they were far from "equal." |
| Impact: Brown v. Board of Education | The Court's decision rejected the "separate but equal" doctrine that it had been approved in Plessy v. Ferguson. All-White schools could no longer reject Black students. |
| Impact: Minersville School District v. Gobitis | National unity is more important than freedom of religion, so as a result, the ruling gave states the ability to select ways to create unity in the country, even if it comes at the cost of individual freedoms. |
| Impact: West Virginia v. Barnette | Individual religious freedom and free expression is more important than the goal of national unity. The right to refuse to say something is equally protected by the First Amendment as the right to speak freely. |
| Impact: Tinker v. Des Moines | As long as the exercise of free speech(expression) doesn't disrupt learning, students have First Amendment rights in school. This case also established the Tinker Test, which asks the question "does it disrupt learning." |
| Impact: Ingraham v. Wright | Corporal punishment in schools is constitutional, but individual states have the ability to make laws banning it and if no laws ban it, schools can decide whether or not to use it. |
| Impact: Bethel School District v. Fraser | Students have free speech at school, but this case gives school officials more power to limit free speech to prevent disruptions to learning. |
| Impact: Texas v. Johnson | Actions can be covered under the First Amendment if they are conveying a message. Governments do not have the right to decide which opinions are too offensive to express. Laws that prohibit freedom of expression are unconstitutional. |
| Opinion | the ruling/decision from the majority of the justices on the Supreme Court |
| Dissent | the justices in the minority that disagree with the opinion/minority |
| overturned | reversed |
| upheld | maintained the decision from a previous court case |
| precedent | a ruling or example that acts as a guide for the future |
| segregated | separated based on race |
| desegregated | things must be integrated or not separated by race |
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