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Biology Exam
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Criteria of life | -made of cells consume energy (metabolism) -respond to environment (homeostasis) -reproduce on their own -grow |
| Morphological species concept | -study of shape, focuses on the physical attributes -Things that have similar shape/structure -easy and unspecific -dimorphic (male and female look dif) pose issues -most widely used |
| Biological species concept | Things that are able to reproduce with each other under natural conditions and produce viable offspring -can't be used for a-sexuality (bacteria, worms, unicellular) -no fossils or dead things -cross breeds (mules are infertile) -populations separated |
| Phylogenetic species concept | Focuses on evolutionary relationship -clusters, distinct from other clusters -supported by DNA evidence -common DNA + ancestors -bacteria -hard to look at, break down -don't know all species history |
| LUCA | Last universal common ancestor |
| Taxonomy and binomial nomenclature | -carl linnaeus. 18th century -2 part name Genus species |
| Three domains | Bacteria, archaea, eukaryota |
| Taxonomic groupings | Life, domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species dang kew p chicken oh for gods sake |
| Rank | each catergory of taxonomic groupings is a rank, specific name of each rank is a taxon |
| Classification | grouping of organisms based on criteria that helps organize and indicate evolutionary history |
| Hierarichal classification | The method of classifying organisms in which species are arranged in categories from most general to most specific |
| Importance of naming | -allows all individuals to communicate specific species in spite of potential language barriers -medicine, -farmers -doctors -border inspection |
| Scientific naming rules | The scientific names of species are italicized. The genus name is always capitalized and first; the specific epithet follows the genus name and is not capitalized. There is no exception to this. The two words are underlined separately when hand-written. |
| difference between taxonomy and classification | taxonomies describe relationships between items while classification simply groups items. |
| Importanfce of classification for tech, enviro, science | -tech; organization and understanding -able to address a complex suite of processes and functions beyond that of individual species interactions -understand others, history, etc. |
| Six kingdoms | Animalia, Plantae, protista, fungi, Euacteria, archaebacteria |
| Prokaryotes v Eukaryotes | Prokaryotes unicellular, eukaryotes often multi-celled eukaryotic cells larger + more complex -DNA in eukaryotes stored in nucleus, DNA stored in the cytoplasm of prokaryotes. -linear, circular dna -sexual, asexual -mitosis, binary fission |
| Domain | - highest taxonomic rank in the hierarchical biological classification system -Genetic analysis revealed that main prokaryotic kingdoms more different than previously thought. So, biologists established a new taxonomic category—the domain |
| Dichotomous key | Scientific tool used to differentiate between organisms especially between species via a series of two-choice options based largely on their morphology (or physical characteristics) |
| major characteristics of all six kingdoms -cell wall -form of gaining food -motality | Bacteria: peptidoglycan Archaea: Polysaccharides, plant cellulose, fungi chitin, protist little both, plants are autotrophic animals and fungi are heterotrophic motile except plant and fungus archaea + some bacteria extreme enviro |
| major characteristics of all six kingdoms -number of cells -sexual | Archaea + Bacteria prokaryote, otherwise eukaryote Prokaryotes asexual, others are both Archaea + Bacteria unicellular, fungi mostly multi (yeast), protiste mostly uni (kelp) Plant and animal multicellular |
| Terminology (community, ecosystem, biosphere) | Community - different populations in an area that coexist with each other (anything living) Ecosystem, all the living and nonliving things, collection of communities Biosphere, a collection of every ecosystem |
| How three major types of diversity interrelate | Species Diversity, Abundance + variety of species,species richness, ‘how many different what's’ Genetic Diversity - variety heritable characteristics (gene pool) Ecosystem diversity, variety of ecosystems + diversity + communities + resilience |
| Species evenness | Species evenness is a description of the distribution of abundance across the species in a community. Species evenness is highest when all species in a sample have the same abundance. Evenness approaches zero as relative abundances vary. |
| What is an ecosystem service + examples | Ecosystem services are the many varied benefits experienced by living things provided by sustainable ecosystems. -carbon sequestration -pollinators -logging -eco tourism |
| Carbon sequestration | Carbon sequestration, stores large amounts of co2 to keep it out of our atmosphere, but as forests and wetlands are destroyed these molecules are being emitted into our air. |
| Pollinators | Pollinators keep the plants thriving, helping many to reproduce and keep the diversity of the land strong. Also provides us with honey as a food source. |
| Logging + eco tourism | -Logging, the trees of the land provide us with wood but are often not replanted. Eco tourism - camping and tenting |
| Importance of biodiversity on resilience | Biodiversity-less diversity susceptibility to disease Diversity supports resilience - able to withstand -more vulnerable to severe change or extinction, butterfly effect other regions. - diverse ecosystems able to resist changes and disturbances |
| Diverse plant communities | More diverse plant communities -Had greater plant coverage (greater biomass i.e grew bigger) -Resisted invasive species better -Had greater disease resistance |
| what is a virus and why is it not classified as a living organism | an infectious agent that invades cells and forces them to replicate it so that it can hurt our bodies. Viruses not made of cells and can not reproduce independently, making them not living. |
| Virus infection - lytic | virus infects, DNA circularizes, DNA replicates and makes more phages, cell lyses (explodes) releasing the phage |
| Virus infection - lysogenic | virus infects, phage DNA joins host DNA(genome), cell divides and phage DNA is replicated into daughter cells, stressful situations turns into lytic (lyses) |
| Prion vs Virus | Unlike other pathogens, this is a protein, typically naturally occuring within the body. Smaller, with no genetic info. When proteins fold wrong, they cause others around them to fold wrong and produce body melt downs (mad cow disease). |
| compare and contrast the morphology + nutrition, of bacteria and archea | different biochemical metabolic pathways -Archaea can be methanogenic -Archaea phototrophic -bacteria photosynthetic. Morphology -Similar size and shape -Archaea are composed of pseudo peptidoglycan and bacteria are peptidoglycan |
| habitats, reproduction and classification of bacteria and archea | Habitats -Generally archaea are extremophile (halophile, acidophile, thermophile) -Bacteria are generally mesophile Reproduction -Binary fission is both Bacteria Conjugation |
| Why are archaea + bacteria more dif than human and plants? | archaea + bacteria different domain -biological composition - proteins they produce -Although they are both prokaryotes, they really have no extreme relation, and have only luca as their common ancestor |
| Cons of bacteria | One example of bad bacteria are those that cause infections such as strep throat and tuberculosis. These bacteria are bad and are harmful to humans. Streptococcus |
| Pros of bacteria | firmicutes break down carbs in the gut that our enzymes could not break down (dietary fibre and starches) -Produces vitamins + elements reduce inflammation and keep us healthy. Bacteria biotech Thermos aquaticus algae caused great oxidation even |
| Endosymbiotic theory | eukaryotic cells originated from prokaryotic organisms mitochondria and chloroplasts were once primitive bacterial cells |
| How would endosymbiosis work | a large (host cell) prokaryote (bacteria) ingested smaller prokaryote (bacteria) gained entry to the host as undigested prey, or internal parasites they became dependent on one another for survival (symbiotic) resulting in a permanent relationship |
| different resources and economic benefits we derive from plants, | -Food -Oxygen -Biofuel -construction -medicine -textiles |
| differences between vascular and non-vascular plants. | -bryophytes; low to the ground, no vascular tissue, reproduce sexually, no roots - rhizomes, diffusion + osmosis, moisture required -tall, vascular tissue, roots, reproduce sexually, seeds + seedless, can live in dry |
| -mechanisms of seed dispersal | -Fire dispersal -Animal dispersal -Wind dispersal |
| transportation of water and nutrients within the plant. | |
| hierarchical organization of the parts of plants. | Cells -> tissue -> organ -> organ system -> organism |
| specialized cells of plants. | -root hairs -trichomes -parenchyma -collenchyma -sclerenchyma -ground tissue -vascular tissue -dermal tissue |
| Dermal tissue | -Covers plant, protects from outside |
| Ground tissue | -makes up the bulk of the plant, most general |
| Vascular tissue | Found within the stem of the plant, transports water and nutrients |
| Plant asexual reproduction | Pollinates itself |
| Plant sexual reproduction | Seedless --> swimmers Seed --> pollination |
Created by:
ryleemac