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VTT115 Lect. Quiz 1
Urine
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What term describes intact erythrocytes in the urine? | hematuria |
| What term describes hemoglobin in the urine due to excessive hemolysis of the erythrocyte? | hemoglobinuria |
| What term describes pus (WBCs) in the urine? | pyuria |
| What term describes the presence of glucose in urine? | glycosuria |
| What term describes presence of excessive amounts of crystals in urine? | crystalluria |
| What terms describe what is commonly called stones, and are usually composed of mineral salts? | calculus/calculi |
| What term describes inflammation of the bladder? | cystitis |
| What term describes toxic condition associated with renal insufficiency produced by the retention in the blood of nitrogenous substances normally excreted by the kidneys? | uremia |
| What term describes absence of urine formation? | anuria |
| What term describes excessive excretion of urine? | polyuria |
| What term describes diminished amount of urine formation? | oliguria |
| What term describes painful or difficult urination? | dysuria |
| What term describes excessive amounts of urea in the blood (due to failing kidneys)? | azotemia |
| What term describes to urinate (this type of sample would be "free catch" or "grab sample")? | void |
| What term describes the insertion of a needle into the bladder to collect a urine sample? | cystocentesis |
| What term describes an agent which increases the excretion of urine? | diuretic |
| What term describes having a pH greater than 7? | alkaline |
| What term describes having a pH lower than 7? | acidic |
| What term describes the kidney being unable to concentrate or dilute urine? | isosthenuria |
| What term describes urine that has no visible debris suspended in it? | transparent or clear |
| What term describes urine that contains fine visible particles that remain suspended over long periods? | cloudy |
| What term describes urine that contains flecks of material that settle to the bottom after a few minutes? | flocculent |
| What term describes the liquid portion of urine in a tube that has been centrifuged? | supernatant |
| What term describes the solid portion of urine in the bottom of a tube that has been centrifuged? | sediment |
| Anatomically, what is the flow of urine from kidneys to exiting the body in order? | kidneys→ ureter→ urinary bladder→ urethra |
| Anatomically, what is the flow of urine through the nephron to exiting the body in order? | Renal Corpuscle (Bowman's capsule surrounded by glomerulus) → Proximal convoluted tubule→ Loop of Henle → Distal convoluted tubule→ collecting ducts→ Renal pelvis→ ureter→ urinary bladder→ urethra |
| What are the functions of the kidneys? | removes nitrogenous waste, reabsorb nutrients that body needs (glucose, protein, electrolytes), blood volume & water balance, maintain osmotic concentrations in the blood plasma, maintain pH, regulation of RBC formation (erythropoietin) |
| If unable to examine a urine sample right away, what should you do? | refrigerate immediately |
| How long may a urine sample be refrigerated for without a preservative? | up to 4 hours |
| What preservatives can be used for a urine sample? | 1 drop 40% formalin to 1 oz urine, thymol one crystal per urine ounce, Mucolexx at 1 part 5% phenol to 9 parts urine |
| If a urine sample was refrigerated, what should you do before reading the sample? | warm back to room temperature |
| What is the ideal time to collect urine? | morning |
| What would cause a colorless urine sample? | excessive or abnormal fluid intake if kidney is unable to concentrate urine due to disease (may be normal) |
| What would cause a light yellow urine sample? | dilute; normal (high fluid intake) |
| What would cause a medium yellow urine sample? | normal |
| What would cause a amber or dark yellow urine sample? | highly concentrated; normal (fluid intake has been low) |
| What would cause a red (light or dark) urine sample? | hematuria, hemoglobinuria (or both); RBCs present |
| What would cause a yellow/green urine sample? | caused by bilirubin |
| What would cause a blue/green urine sample? | caused by dyes, chlorophyll, and pseudomonas bacteria |
| What would cause a red-brown urine sample? | hemoglobinuria or myoglobinuria; as urine ages it will become brown |
| What would cause a orange urine sample? | drugs (e.g. tetracycline) |
| What are the advantages of bladder expression as a urine collection technique? | less risk of bacterial contamination (w/sterile container) |
| What are the disadvantages of bladder expression as a urine collection technique? | bladder may be traumatized or rupture due to excessive pressure; may not contain adequate amount of urine to perform procedure (usually difficult in conscious pts) |
| What are the advantages of catheterization as a urine collection technique? | sample can be obtained directly from the bladder for culture testing; catheter may be attached to collection bag to monitor quantity of urine produced |
| What are the disadvantages of catheterization as a urine collection technique? | trauma to the urethra may result with insertion of the catheter creating false hematuria; bacteria may be introduced to bladder if poor sterile technique is used |
| What are the advantages of cystocentesis as a urine collection technique? | prevents contamination of sample with bacteria & cells from lower urogenital tract; used for culture and sensitivity test |
| What are the disadvantages of cystocentesis as a urine collection technique? | poor technique or inadequate patient restraint can result in laceration of abdominal organs; if blood vessel is nicked then false RBCs may be present in sample |
| What are the advantages of voided or "free catch" as a urine collection technique? | samples may be collected by clients, no risk of trauma or introducing infection |
| What are the disadvantages of voided or "free catch" as a urine collection technique? | sample can be easily contaminated so not best for bacterial confirmation; animal may not urinate when sample is needed |
| Which method is preferred for culture testing? | cystocentesis |
| What does the chemical test, bilirubin, indicate in urine? | liver disease |
| What does the chemical test, blood, indicate in urine? | disease of urinary system (hematuria), systemic disease (hemoglobinuria), acute kidney injury (myoglobinuria) |
| What does the chemical test, glucose, indicate in urine? | glycosuria (hyperglycemia- diabetes, urethral obstruction, renal failure, hemorrhagic cystitis) - bacterial cystitis |
| What does the chemical test, ketones, indicate in urine? | ketonuria (pregnant or lactating, starvation or fasting, diabetes) |
| What does an acidic pH chemical test indicate in urine? | high protein diet, starvation, fever, metabolic acidosis, prolonged muscular activity |
| What does the chemical test, protein, indicate in urine? | glomerulus damage, shock or fever, kidney disease |
| What does the chemical test, urobilinogen, indicate in urine? | blocked bile duct, hepatic disease |
| What does the chemical test, specific gravity, indicate in urine? | dipstick not recommended; falsely elevated- high conc of protein, low- alkaline urine |
| What does an alkaline pH chemical test indicate in urine? | vegetarian diet, bacteria, urine retention |
| What does the chemical test, leukocyte, indicate in urine? | bacterial or fungal infection of bladder or kidney |
| What does the chemical test, specific gravity, indicate in urine? | bacterial infection |
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Hoofin'it