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Epidemiology
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Infectious disease are caused by ____ such as ___ | pathogenic microorganisms, such as bacteria, viruses, parasites or fungi; |
| diseases can be spread ____ or ____ , from one person to another. | directly or indirectly |
| What are contagious diseases | They are disease that can be spread from one person to another |
| ___ is the term used to describe the occurrence of a disease or health-related condition in a population at a higher frequency or severity than is normally expected | Epidemic |
| A term that used to describe the consistent , persistent presence of a disease or health condition at a relatively stable and predictable level within a specific geographic area, population, or community | Endemic |
| A term that used to describe the occurrence of isolated or infrequent cases of a particular disease within a given population or geographic area | Sporadic |
| A term that used to describe an outbreak of a disease that occur over a wide geographic area and affect a large proportion of population | Pandemic |
| A term that used to indicate that the occurrence of disease is scattered, irregular and dose not follow a consistent pattern or trend | Sporadic |
| ____ means an infectious disease that can be transmitted between animal and human | Zoonoses |
| Disease that may originate in human and has the potential to be transmitted to non-human animals | Anthropozoonosis |
| ___ refer to a disease that typically affect animals , but can be transmitted to human and then potentially transmitted from human to animal | Zoonoanthropozoonosis |
| A term that used to describe a disease that is prevalent in a population of animals similar to epidemic which is used in context of human population | Epizootic |
| ______ refer to the widespread occurrence of a specific disease in animal within a particular region or population | Epizootic |
| disease imported into a country in which they do not otherwise occur e.g rabies in UK | Exotic |
| diseases of animals transmitted to man | Zoonosis |
| epidemic of disease in an animal population & may eventually affect man e.g rabies, anthrax and | Epizootic |
| if from vertebrate animals to man e.g rabbles, plague | Anthropozoonosis |
| What is Epidemiology? | Epidemiology is the study of the determinants, distribution, and •frequency of disease (who gets the disease and why) •epidemiologists study sick people •epidemiologists study healthy people Loading… •to determine the crucial differentiat those |
| who get the •disease and those who are spared •epidemiologists study exposed people •epidemiologists study non-exposed people •to determine the crucial effect of the exposure | |
| Definition of epidemiology by John Last | distribution and determinants of health-related states or events in specified populations, and the application of this study to control of health problems. |
| Mention six used of epidemiology | 1. to determine, describe, and report on the natural course of disease, disability, injury, and death 2. to aid in the planning and development of health services and Programs 3. to provide administrative and planning data study the cause |
| study the cause (or etiology) of disease(s), or conditions, disorders, disabilities, etc. 4. determine the characteristics of the agent or causative factors 5. determine the mode of transmission and contribution factors to it | |
| 6. to identify and determine geographic patterns | |
| Purpose or reason for epidemiology | • to provide a basis for developing disease control and prevention measures for groups at risk •this translates into developing measures to prevent or control disease |
| Two Broad Types of Epidemiology | 1. Descriptive epidemiology: 2. Analytic epidemiology: |
| ____ examining the distribution of disease in a population, and observing the basic features of its distribution | Descriptive epidemiology |
| Provides valuable information for the prevention of disease, design of interventions, and conduct of additional research. | Descriptive epidemiology |
| The important of descriptive epidemiology | 1. Provides valuable information for the prevention of disease, design of interventions, and conduct of additional research. 2. Set the stage for more focused investigations into questions raised. Such investigations include evaluating observed trends, |
| trends, planning for needed services, and launching more complex research | |
| three essentials characteristics of disease that we look for in descriptive studies are | 1. Person 2. Place 3. Time |
| Uses of Descriptive epidemiolog | • Permits Evaluation of Trends in Health and Disease •Provide a basis for planning, Provision, and Evaluation of Health Services |
| • Identify problems to be studied by analytical methods and suggest areas that may be fruitful for investigation | |
| Types of Descriptive epidemiology | • Case report •Case Series |
| A branch of epidemiology that focus on describing and summarizing the pattern of disease occurrence within a population | Descriptive epidemiology |
| ____ investigating a hypothesis about the cause of disease by studying how exposures relate to disease | Analytic epidemiology: |
| analytical epidemiology studies require information like | - know where to look –know what to control for –develop viable hypotheses |
| three characteristics that are examined to study the cause(s) for disease in analytic epidemiology | • Host •Agent •Environment |
| Host | • personal traits •Behaviors •Genetic predisposition •Immunologic factors |
| Agent | • Biological •Physical •Chemical • Influence the chance for disease or its severity |
| Environment | • External conditions •Physical/biological/social •Contribute to the disease process |
| Epidemics occur when ... | I host, agent and environmental factors are not in balance |
| Epidemic occur when I host, agent and environmental factors are not in balance due to | - New agent –Change in existing agent (infectivity, pathogenicity, virulence) –Change in number of individuals susceptible in the population –Environmental changes that affect transmission of the agent of growth of the agent |
| Three factors epidemology consider when measuring disease occurrence | 1. the number of people who are affected by the disease, 2. the size of the population from which the cases of disease arise, and 3. the length of time that the population is followed. |
| Epidemiological Indices | Ratio Proportion Rate |
| Division of two unrelated numbers | Ratio |
| Division of two related numbers; numerator is a subset of denominator | Proportion |
| Division of two numbers; time is always in denominator | Rate |
| How to Measures of Disease Frequency | Incidence and Prevalence |
| ____ measures the occurrence of new disease, and | Incidence |
| ____ measures the existence of current disease. | Prevalence |
| ___ focuses on the period of time that a person lives with a disease. | Prevalence |
| ____ is defined as the occurrence of new cases of disease that develop in a candidate population over a specified time period. | Incidence |
| _____ defined as the proportion of the total population that is diseased. | Prevalence |
| There are two types of prevalence measures | 1. point prevalence and 2. period prevalence |
| _____ prevalence refers to the proportion of the population that is diseased at a single point in time and can be thought of as a single snapshot of the population. | point prevalence |
| _____ refer to the proportion that is disease during a specified duration of time | Period prevalence |
| ____ is expressed as Number of existing cases of disease/Number in total population At a point in time | Point prevalence |
| ___ is expressed as Number of existing cases of disease/Number in total population During a period of time | Period prevalence |
| Common used measure of disease frequency are | 1. Cause-specific mortality rate 2. Age-specific mortality rate 3. Years of potential life lost 4. Livebirth rate 5. Infant mortality rate 6. Morbidity rate 7. Attack rate 8. Case fatality rate 9. Crude mortality ( or death ) rate |
| Number of deaths per number of cases of disease | Case fatality rate |
| Number of new cases of disease that develop (usually during a defined and short time period) per the number in a healthy population at risk at the start of the period. | Attack rate |
| ___ describe the proportion of death due to a specific disease among individuals diagnose with a certain time frame | Case fatality rate |
| ___ describe the frequency of new cases of a specific disease within a population over a defined period of time | Attack rate or incidence rate |
| Number of existing or new cases of a particular disease or condition per 100 population. | Morbidity rate |
| Number of deaths of infants less than 1 year of age per 1,000 livebirths per year | Infant mortality rate |
| The number of years that an individual was expected to live beyond his or her death | Years of potential life lost |
| Total number of deaths from all causes per 100,000 population per year. The term crude means that the rate is based on raw data. | Crude mortality |
| Number of deaths from a specific cause per 100,000 population per year | Case specifics mortality rate |
| Total number of deaths from all causes among individuals in a specific age category per 100,000 population per year in the age category | Age-specific mortality rate |
| A types of epidemiology that involve investigating a hypothesis about the cause of disease by studying how exposures relate to disease | Analytic epidemiology |
| Types of analytical Epidemiology | 1. observational and 2. experimental studies. |
| Types of observational analytic studies | • Case-control studies; •Cohort studies; •Cross-sectional or prevalence surveys (used in descriptive studies as well). |
| Sub-division of experimental analytical studies | • Clinical trials; •Preventive trials; •Community intervention trials. |
Created by:
Faith111