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PBS Vocab 2.2 & 2.3
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Alleles | one of two or more alternative forms of a gene that arise by mutation and are found at the same place on a chromosome. |
| Autosomes | one of the numbered chromosomes, as opposed to the sex chromosomes. |
| benigh | refers to a condition, tumor, or growth that is not cancerous. |
| centromere | the region of a chromosome to which the microtubules of the spindle attach, via the kinetochore, during cell division. |
| chromatid | each of the two threadlike strands into which a chromosome divides longitudinally during cell division. Each contains a double helix of DNA. |
| chromosome | a threadlike structure of nucleic acids and protein found in the nucleus of most living cells, carrying genetic information in the form of genes. |
| deletion mutation | this occurs when part of a DNA molecule is not copied during DNA replication. |
| DNA | a self-replicating material that is present in nearly all living organisms as the main constituent of chromosomes. It is the carrier of genetic information. |
| Dominant Allele | it refers to the relationship between two versions of a gene. Individuals receive two versions of each gene. |
| eukaryotic | is an organism whose cells contain a nucleus within a membrane. |
| Familial Hypercholesterolemia | is a disorder that is passed down through families. |
| frameshift mutation | refers to the insertion or deletion of nucleotide bases in numbers that are not multiples of three. |
| Gene | is the basic physical and functional unit of heredity. |
| Genome | the haploid set of chromosomes in a gamete or microorganism, or in each cell of a multicellular organism. |
| Genotype | the genetic constitution of an individual organism. |
| gestational diabetes | a condition characterized by an elevated level of glucose in the blood during pregnancy, typically resolving after the birth. |
| heterozygous | refers to having different alleles for a particular trait. |
| homologous chromosomes | chromosome pairs, one from each parent, that are similar in length, gene position and centromere location. |
| homozygous | having inherited the same versions (alleles) of a genomic marker from each biological parent. |
| insertion mutation | a type of mutation that involves the addition of one or more nucleotides into a segment of DNA. |
| karyotype | an individual's complete set of chromosomes. |
| magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) | is a medical imaging technique used in radiology to form pictures of the anatomy and the physiological processes of the body. |
| malignant | the presence of cancerous cells that have the ability to spread to other sites in the body (metastasize) or to invade nearby (locally) and destroy tissues. |
| meiosis | a type of cell division that results in four daughter cells each with half the number of chromosomes of the parent cell, as in the production of gametes and plant spores. |
| messenger RNA (mRNA) | a kind of RNA that conveys genetic information from DNA to protein by way of the processes of transcription and translation. |
| metastasis | the movement or spreading of cancer cells from one organ or tissue to another. |
| mitosis | a type of cell division that results in two daughter cells each having the same number and kind of chromosomes as the parent nucleus, typical of ordinary tissue growth. |
| mutation | a change in the DNA sequence of an organism. |
| Nondisjunction | the failure of one or more pairs of homologous chromosomes or sister chromatids to separate normally during nuclear division, usually resulting in an abnormal distribution of chromosomes in the daughter nuclei. |
| nucleotides | a compound consisting of a nucleoside linked to a phosphate group. Nucleotides form the basic structural unit of nucleic acids such as DNA. |
| pedigree | a chart that diagrams the inheritance of a trait or health condition through generations of a family. |
| phenotype | the set of observable characteristics of an individual resulting from the interaction of its genotype with the environment. |
| plan of care | details goals, action steps and appropriate timelines to address patient's medical, behavioral health, and social service needs identified by the assessment and reassessments. |
| point mutation | a mutation affecting only one or very few nucleotides in a gene sequence. |
| polymerase chain reaction | a laboratory technique for rapidly producing (amplifying) millions to billions of copies of a specific segment of DNA. |
| prognosis | an estimate of the future of someone or something, especially about whether a patient will recover from an illness. |
| protein | large, complex molecules that play many critical roles in the body. |
| protein synthesis | the creation of proteins by cells that uses DNA, RNA, and various enzymes. |
| punnett square | a table in which all of the possible outcomes for a genetic cross between two individuals with known genotypes are given. |
| recessive allele | does not produce a trait at all when only one copy is present. |
| restriction enzyme | an enzyme produced chiefly by certain bacteria, having the property of cleaving DNA molecules at or near a specific sequence of bases. |
| ribonucleic acid (RNA) | a nucleic acid present in all living cells that has structural similarities to DNA. |
| sex chromosomes | a chromosome involved with determining the sex of an organism, typically one of two kinds. |
| silent mutation | mutations in DNA that do not have an observable effect on the organism's phenotype. |
| ultrasound imaging | uses high-frequency sound waves to view inside the body. |
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