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APUSH - Gilded Age
post-Civil war Industrialization Era, US during 1865 to 1900
| term or question | definition or answer |
|---|---|
| Union Pacific Railroad: - what + where? - when? - why? - how? | - Railroad spanning from Omaha, NE westward - post-Civil war, around 1865 - deadlock in Congress over RR during 1850s is broken after South seceded in Civil War. North can build their RR - built by Irish Patricks "Paddies |
| Central Pacific Railroad: - what + where? - how? | - Railroad spanning from Sacramento, CA eastward - Big 4 businessmen thru 2 construction companies 10,000s of Chinese laborers |
| "Wedding of the Rails" | combining of the Union Pacific and Central Pacific RRs |
| Where + When was "Wedding of the Rails" | - in Ogden, Utah - in 1869 |
| Leland Stanford | - enterprising ex-gov. of California - part of the Big 4; helped with his political connections |
| significance of Transcontinental Railroad completion | - connects West to rest of U.S. - later facilitates trade with Asian countries - impressive engineering feat for the U.S. |
| downsides of Transcontinental Railroad | - cut bison population in half = furthered extermination of bison - cut off food supply for Plains Native Americans - Settlers move westward into land of Plains Native Americans |
| 4 railroads created after Transcontinental Railroad | - Northern Pacific and Southern Pacific RRs in 1883 - The Atchison, Topeka, Santa Fe RR in 1884 - Great Northern RR in 1893 |
| Who was the genius behind the Great Northern RR? | James J. Hill, Canadian-American railroad builder |
| common issue with railroads at the time | - lots of bankruptcies, reorganizations, mergers - railroads that led from nowhere to nothing |
| - man who switched from multimillion steamboat success to railroading in his late 60s - popularized steel rails - helped expand older Eastern rail networks like NY Central to accommodate Westward railines of Union and Central Pacific | "Commodore" Cornelius Vanderbilt |
| Wabash, St, Louis, and Pacific Railroad Company v. Illinois | - 1886 - SCOTUS declared that states cannot regulate interstate commerce (only Fed can) - led Congress to pass Interstate Commerce Act and form ICC (Interstate Commerce Commission) |
| Interstate Commerce Act | - 1887 - prohibited rebates and pools - forced RR companies to publicly release rates - set up ICC |
| ICC (hint : Interstate Commerce Act) | - Interstate Commerce Commission - formed by Interstate Commerce Act to administer and enforce new laws in ICA |
| Did Interstate Commerce Act and subsequent formation of the ICC help stop current business model in 1880s? | NO, tended to stabilize it MORE OF a public declaration than actual change |
| The ICC is an example of what bureaucratic agency? | independent REGULATORY agency; regulates interstate commerce |
| Position of almost all Federal Courts during this age | pro-buisiness |
| America was being run by.... | Big businesses |
| ironclad oaths / yellow-dog contracts | promises by hired workers not to join labor unions |
| Why did businesses employ such methods as ironclad oaths/yellow-dog contracts and blacklisting on their employees? | to prevent strikes via formation of labor unions |
| Why was it hard for labor unions to be effective? | - there was always someone waiting to replace their jobs - employers are much more powerful than workers - courts are pro-biz |
| Social Darwinism | coined phrase "survival of the fittest" said that people who were/became rich just had natural qualities to be rich. - Rich don't owe anything to the poor and vice versa - imperialism is ok because some races are just inherently better than others |
| The Gospel of Wealth | by Andrew Carnegie - divine order for rich people to be rich - rich people hold moral responsibility to uplift the poor - rich people should donate |
| Which Gilded-Age American businessman invented/wrote "The Gospel of Wealth"? | Andrew Carnegie |
| National Labor Union | first major labor union, created in 1866 excluded Chinese, had only few women + Blacks |
| Colored National Labor Union | National Labor Union for African American workers |
| What boosted formation of Labor Unions and why? | the END of the Civil War; production needed to ramp up to compensate for loss of war |
| aims of National Labor Union | to unify workers against tyrannical bosses |
| Knights of Labor | labor union est. 1869 only excluded Chinese workers was secret until 1881 |
| aims of Knights of Labor | 8 hour workday |
| Haymarket Square riot (what, when, where) | - Chicago, IL, May 4th 1886 May Day rally was going to be broken up by Chicago police until someone threw a dynamite bomb, killing and injuring police and civilians |
| 2 things that ended Knights of Labor | - Haymarket Square and subsequent claims of anarchists - loss of skilled craft worker unionists |
| American Federation of Labor | - created + presided by Samuel Gompers in 1886 - worked as a giant labor union federation of individual labor unions united in organizational strategy |
| Samuel Gompers | - creator and president of the AFL, American Federation of Labor - Jewish cigar maker from Britain |
| When was Labour Day made a federal holiday? | 1894 (by Grover Cleveland) |
| "New Immigration" | 1880s, new wave of immigrants from southern and eastern Europe that swarmed to US |
| most prominent demographic among New Immigration | Italians |
| New Jewish demographic came from where and what conditions? | came from Russia, Polish sector fled from religious persecution to New York |
| Where did most "New Immigration" go to? | New York |
| Booker T. Washington | Alabaman ex-slave who the foremost champion for education for African-Americans advocated economic independence of Blacks |
| What prominent book did Booker T. Washington write? | Up From Slavery, 1900 |
| nativism, 1880s | policy of protecting native-born Americans against immigrants |
| American Protective Association | (APA), had policy of nativism and antiforeignism, targeted Roman Catholics and nuns |
| accommodationist claims of Booker T. Washington | only addressed what Blacks needed to do to improve stopped short of acknowledging white supremacy advocated segregated vocational classes on the path to equality |
| Tuskegee Institute | school that Booker T. Washington created purpose was to train young black students in agriculture and the trades |
| W.E.B. Dubois | Massachusetts-born black man advocated complete social and economic equality of Blacks with whites 1st black man to obtain Ph.D. from Harvard |
| public libraries were.... | ...the poor people's universities, funded by Andrew Carnegie |
| when was invention of linotype? what were the effects | 1885, it began the age of printing presses and big newspapers |
| vertical integration | company owns one or more stages of production of an industry |
| horizontal integration (also remember as this one word) | expansion tactic in which a company absorbs other companies (monopoly) |
| muckrakers | people who exposed evils in big business (especially during turn of the 19th century) |
| Upton Sinclair | muckraker who exposed the meatpacking industry in book "The Jungle" |
| Jacob Riis | muckraker who documented the realities of city life for the working class/poor |
| Ida Tarbell | muckraker who exposed Standard Oil |
Created by:
Maarmalade