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RPP 101
All Lessons
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| quantity of matter as described by its energy equivalence | mass |
| anything that occupies space and has mass | matter |
| TRUE/FALSE. Although mass, the quantity of matter, remains unchanged regardless of its state, it can be transformed from one size, shape, and form to another. | TRUE |
| In the International System (SI) energy is measured in __________. | joules (J) |
| the ability to do work by virtue of position | potential energy |
| the ability to do work | energy |
| the energy of motion; An object in motion is able to perform work because it is moving. Possessed by all matter in motion | kinetic energy |
| the energy released by a chemical reaction; an important example of this type of energy is that which is provided to our bodies through chemical reactions involving the foods we eat. At the molecular level, this area of science is called biochemistry. | chemical energy |
| the most familiar form of energy; represents the work that can be done when an electron moves through an electric potential difference (voltage). | electrical energy |
| the energy of motion at the molecular level | thermal energy ( the kinetic energy of molecules and is closely related to temperature. The faster the molecules of a substance are vibrating, the more thermal energy the substance has and the higher is its temperature ) |
| the energy that is contained within the nucleus of an atom | nuclear energy |
| the least familiar form of energy; it is the most important for our purposes, however, because it is the type of energy that is used in x-ray imaging. | electromagnetic energy |
| TRUE/FALSE. Electromagnetic energy does include sound or diagnostic ultrasound. | False. Diagnostic ultrasound uses sound waves. |
| From the Greek word "METRON" - limited proportion | measurement |
| root words of measurement | moon and month because anatomical objects were among the first to measure time |
| standard way of expressing a physical quantity; provide context for what numerical values represent and so convey the magnitude of physical properties | unit of measurement |
| Informal System of Measurement | handspan, armspan, footspan, cubit, pace & anatomical objects |
| 7 Basic quantities and their SI units | length (meter), time (seconds), temperature (kelvin), electric current (ampere), luminous intensity (candela) & mass (kilogram) |
| 3 Base quantities | mass, length, time |
| (MASS) mass of 1000 cm3 of water at 4° C | 1795 |
| represents the standard unit of mass. International prototype of kilogram. | (1889) Platinum-Iridium Cylinder |
| British unit of mass | Newton (N) & pounds (lbs) |
| (LENGTH) Wavelength of orange light emitted by isotope of krypton (Kr-86) | 1960 |
| (LENGTH) Based on speed of light ➢ Distance travelled in 1/299 792 458 s ➢ Light travels a distance of 1 meter in 1/299 792 458 seconds | 1983 |
| total amount of matter; always stays the same | mass |
| the force of gravity on an object ➔ can change depending on how much gravity is acting upon an object. ➔ Unit: Newton (N) and Pounds | weight |
| Measured by an atomic clock ➔ Atoms are subjected to microwave radiation | time |
| the removal of an electron from an atom | ionization |
| The ejected electron and the resulting positively charged atom together are called an _____________. | ion pair |
| Energy emitted and transferred through space is called ______________. | radiation |
| a form of electromagnetic energy, is radiated by the sun and is electromagnetic radiation. | visible light |
| Electromagnetic energy is usually referred to as _______________________________. | electromagnetic radiation or simply radiation |
| Matter that intercepts radiation and absorbs part or all of it is said to be ______________________________. | exposed or irradiated |
| the transfer of energy | radiation |
| any type of radiation that is capable of removing an orbital electron from the atom with which it interacts | ionizing radiation |
| occurs when an x-ray passes close to an orbital electron of an atom and transfers sufficient energy to the electron to remove it from the atom | ionization |
| The electron is a negative ion, and the remaining atom is a posi- tive ion | ion pair |
| What are the only forms of electromagnetic radiation with sufficient energy to ionize? | x-rays, gamma rays & ultraviolet light |
| Natural environmental radiation results in an annual dose of approximately _______________________. | 3 millisieverts (mSv) |
| Man-made radiation results in how many mSv? | 3.2 mSv annually |
| the unit of effective dose; it is used to express radiation exposure of populations and radiation risk in those populations | millisievert (mSv) |
| particulate and electromagnetic radiation emitted by the sun and stars | cosmic rays |
| radiation that results from deposits of uranium, thorium, and other radionuclides in the Earth | terrestrial radiation |
| mainly potassium-40 (40K), are natural metabolites; they have always been with us and contribute an equal dose to each of us | internally deposited radionuclides |
| The largest source of natural environmental radiation | radon |
| a radioactive gas that is produced by the natural radioactive decay of uranium, which is present in trace quantities in the Earth | radon |
| source of radiation that constitutes the largest man-made source of ionizing radiation (3.2 mSv/yr) | diagnostic x-rays |
| the forerunner of modern fluorescent lamps and x-ray tubes | crookes tube |
| Who made the Crookes tube? | William Crookes (an Englishman from a rather humble background who was a self-taught genius) |
| He produced and published the first medical x-ray image in early | 1896 |
| uses film or a solid-state image receptor and usually an x-ray tube mounted from the ceiling on a track that allows the tube to be moved in any direction | radiography |
| is usually conducted with an x-ray tube located under the examination table. The radiologist is provided with moving images on a television monitor or flat panel display | fluoroscopy |
| uses a rotating x-ray source and detector array. A volume of data is acquired so that fixed images can be reconstructed in any anatomical plane—coronal, sagittal, transverse, or oblique | computed tomography |
| Always practice ALARA | Keep radiation exposures as low as reasonably achievable |
| The Ten Commandments of Radiation Protection | 1-10 |
| are inserted into the x-ray tube housing so that low-energy x-rays are absorbed before they reach the patient. These x-rays have little diagnostic value | metal filters (filtration) |
| restricts the useful x-ray beam to that part of the body to be imaged and thereby spares adjacent tissue from unnecessary radiation exposure; reduces scatter radiation and thus improves image contrast | collimation |
| Based on the vibration of cesium atoms; defined in terms of the rotation of the Earth on its axis—the mean solar day. | seconds |
| measure of a region's size on a surface. ➢ the space inside the boundary or perimeter of a closed shape. | area |
| formula and unit of an AREA | A = length x width (m2) |
| quantity of three-dimensional space occupied by a liquid, solid, or gas | volume |
| formula and unit of a VOLUME | V = length x width x height (m3) |
| how much space an object or substance takes up (its volume) in relation to the amount of matter in that object or substance (its mass); Amount of mass per unit volume | density |
| it is a property that is the same no matter how much of a substance is present | density |
| formula and unit of DENSITY | ρ = mass/volume (kg/m3) |
| a measure of how fast something is moving or, more precisely, the rate of change of its position with time | velocity |
| formula and unit of VELOCITY | v = distance/time (m/s) |
| formula and unit of AVERAGE VELOCITY | v = vi + vf/2 (m/s2) |
| rate of change of velocity with time | acceleration |
| formula and unit of ACCELERATION | a = vf - vi/time (m/s2) |
| A body will remain at rest or will continue to move with constant velocity in a straight line unless acted on by an external force | Newton's 1st Law: Inertia |
| The force (F) that acts on an object is equal to the mass (m) of the object multiplied by the acceleration (a) produce | Newton's 2nd Law: Force |
| For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction | Newton's 3rd Law: Action-Reaction |
| force on a body caused by the pull of gravity on it | weight |
| acceleration due to gravity | 9.8 m/s2 |
| acceleration due to gravity in moon | 1.6 m/s2 |
| TRUE OR FALSE. The weight of an object is equal to the product of its mass and the acceleration of gravity. | TRUE |
| formula and unit of FORCE | F = mass x acceleration (N) |
| quantity of motion that an object has; strength or force gained by motion or by a series of events; Having more momentum also makes it harder to stop | momentum |
| formula and unit of MOMENTUM | P = mass x velocity (kg·m/s) |
| the transfer of energy by a force acting on an object as it is displaced; said to be done when a force (push or pull) applied to an object causes a displacement | work |
| formula and unit of WORK | W = force x distance (joule or N.m or kg·m2 /s) |
| rate of doing work | power |
| formula and unit of POWER | P = Work/time = Fd/t (J/s, W, hp) |
| the kinetic energy of the random motion of molecules | heat |
| the kinetic energy transferred from photons to electrons during ionization and excitation | Air Kerma (Kinetic Energy Released in Matter) (Gya) |
| unit of radiation exposure | Air kerma (Gya) = joules/kilogram |
| the radiation energy absorbed per unit mass and has units of J/kg or Gyt; radiation does in tissue. For a given air kerma (radiation exposure), the absorbed dose depends on the type of tissue being irradiated. | Absorbed Dose |
| unit of radiation absorbed dose (rad) | gray (Gyt) |
| used to express the quantity of radiation received by radiation workers and populations; sievert also expresses a patient dose that accounts for partial-body irradiation; occupational radiation monitoring devices are analyzed in terms of sievert | Effective Dose (Sievert) |
| the unit of occupational radiation exposure and effective dose | sievert (Sv) |
| The becquerel is the unit of quantity of radioactive material, not the radiation ; 1 becquerel is that quantity of radioactivity in which a nucleus disintegrates every second (1 d/s = 1 Bq).emitted by that material | Radioactivity (Becquerel) |
| unit of radioactivity | Becquerel (Bq) |
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yulyae