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Pharm Final
Penn Foster Pharmacology Final Study Guide
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is included in a drug regimen? | Kind of drug, route of administration, dosage, frequency, duration |
| What is pharmacokinetics? | The complex series of events that occurs once a drug is administered to the patient, influences by the manner in which the drug is given, some routes have limitations |
| Bioavailability | Measures the amount of drug that gets absorbed and is available to the patient |
| Water soluble drugs | Ones the dissolve in water, tend to stay in the blood stream, they can be bound to proteins such as albumin or they can stay free |
| Lipid Soluble Drugs | Absorbed fully by bodily fats. Tend to move out of the blood stream into the interstitial fluid |
| Where do fat soluble drugs get stored? | Fat, Liver, Kidneys, Bone |
| How are drugs excreted from the body primarily? | Primarily through the liver via bile. Can also go through the kidneys via urine |
| What are some non primary ways to have drugs excreted from the body? | Mammary glands, lungs, GI tract, sweat glands, saliva, through the skin |
| Pharmacodynamics | The study of the mechanisms by which drugs produce physiological changes in the body. Drugs combine with parts of the cell membrane or with internal parts of the cell to cause changes in how that cell functions. May increase or decrease the activity of sp |
| Efficacy | The degree to which a drug produces its desired effect, once the efficacy level has been reached, giving more won't produce more effect |
| Potency | The amount of drug needed to produce the desired effect and is represented by a dose on a dose-response curve |
| Lethal dose 50 | The dose of a drug that is lethal to 50% of the animals given that drug |
| Effective Dose 50 | The dose of a drug that produces the desired effect in 50% of the animals given that drug. |
| Therapeutic Index | LD50/ED50 |
| Formulary | A book that contains drug dosages and a listing of adverse reactions |
| What must drug labels in the pharmacy have? | Drugs names (generic and trade) Concentration and quantity Name and address of manufacturer Controlled substance status Manufacturer's control or lot number Drug expiration date |
| What does the EPA do in vet med? | Regulates the development and approval of animal topical pesticides |
| What do DEA logs need to have? | Date of prescription, owner and patient name, drug name, amount dispensed and strength of drug, initials of the dispensing doctor |
| What does the USDA do for vet med? | Regulates the development and approval of biologics (medical products such as vaccines, serums, antitoxins, and other products) |
| The Animal Medicinal Drug Use Clarification Act (AMDUCA) | Made the extra label use of approved veterinary drugs legal under certain well-defined conditions. |
| What are the six rights of administration? | Right patient, right drug, right dose, right route, right time and frequency, right documentation |
| Emulsion | Milky solutions containing the drug, the mixtures don't mix so it needs to be shaken |
| Elixir | Compound liquid medications held in solution by alcohol, contains flavoring and sweeteners to helps mask the taste of the drug |
| What are the four types of syringes? | Slip tip, Luer Lock, Eccentric Tip, Catheter Tip |
| What are neuroleptanalgesics? | A combination of an opioid and a tranquilizer. Produce a state of reduced awareness and analgesia in which the patient may or may not remain conscious. |
| What are neuroleptanalgesics used for? | Useful for restraint, diagnostic procedures, preanesthetic or for minor surgical procedures |
| What are side effects of antianxiety meds? | Lethargy, ataxia, PU/PD, hyperexcitability, liver problems in cats |
| How do antidepressants work? | They block the reuptake of norepinephrine and serotonin in the brain |
| What are side effects of antidepressants? | Sedation, tachycardia, mydriasis, dry mouth, urine retention, and constipation |
| Serotonin-Reuptake Inhibitors | Increase the amount of serotonin in the brains by preventing serotonin removal |
| What are side effects of serotonin-reuptake inhibitors? | Anorexia, lethargy, anxiety, diarrhea |
| How do Monoamine oxidase B inhibitors work? | The block the enzyme monoamine oxidase which breaks down dopamine in the brain resulting in increased levels of dopamine also responsible for canine cognitive dysfunction syndrome |
| Inotropic drugs | Affect the force/strength of a heart contraction |
| Positive inotropic drugs | Improves strength of a heart contraction |
| Negative inotropic drugs | Decreases the strength of a heart contraction |
| Chronotropic drugs | Affects the heart rate |
| Positive chronotropic drugs | Increases the heart rate |
| Negative chronotropic drugs | Decreases the heart rate |
| Hemantics | Iron supplements that help correct anemia |
| Antitussives | Suppress or inhibit coughing, usually for a nonproductive cough |
| Expectorants | Reducing the adhesiveness of mucus |
| Mucolystics | Changes the chemical composition of mucus |
| Decongestants | Eliminate or reduce swelling or congestion of nasal passages |
| What are corticosteroids used for? | Treat resp conditions due to allergies, most effective for equine COPD, feline asthma, helps inflammation, controls signs/symptoms and not the disease |
| Acetycholine | A neurotransmitter that enables learning and memory and also triggers muscle contraction |
| Anticholinergics | Decrease GI motility, dry secretions, dilate pupils, prevent/treat bradycardia |
| Adrenergic agents | Stimulate heart beats, correct hypotension, cause vasodilation, treat urinary incontinence |
| Glaucoma adrenergic agents | Antagonists for adrenergic agents (reversal), treat urethra obstruction, cause vasodilation |
| What do Barbiturates do? | Depress the CNS |
| What are synthetic progestins used for? | Used to treat behavioral problems associated with changing hormonal levels. Male aggression, spraying/marking problems, dominance aggression |
| Antidiuretic Hormones | Used to treat diabetes insipidus |
| Examples of urinary acidifiers | Methionine and ammonium chloride |
| Examples of urinary alkalinizers | Potassium citrate and sodium bicarbonate |
| How is interstitial cystitis treated? | With glycosaminoglycans |
| What does Epakitin do> | It binds phosphorous in the intestines which helps to eliminate the high blood phosphorous levels often seen in pets with renal failure |
| What do Catecholamines do? | Act by stimulating the sympathetic nervous system to increase the force and rate of heart contractions, constrict peripheral blood vessels, elevate blood glucose levels |
| Examples of catecholamines | Epinephrine, isoproterenol, dopamine, dobutamine |
| What are the side effects of catecholamines? | Tachycardia, dyspnea, wide ranges of blood pressures |
| How do bipyridine derivates work? | They inhibit enzymes that lead to an increase in cellular calcium |
| Surfactants | Reduce water surface tension which allows water to penetrate into and soften the contents of the GI tract |
| Protectants | Coat the intestines and relieve inflammation |
| Antifoaming agents | Used in ruminants to prevent gas bloating. These agents are surfactants that change the surface tension of the bubbles and cause them to break down so they can be expelled through a stomach tube which relieves the bloat. |
| What drugs are used to decrease inflammation in cases of idiopathic inflammatory bowel disease? | Pred, azathioprine, sulfasalazine |
| What do GI prokinetics do? | Increase the motility of part of the GI system to increase the speed of materials through the tract |
| How do bulk-producing agents work? | They absorb water and swell to increase the bulk of the intestinal contents, stimulating peristalsis |
| What are prostaglandin E-1 analogs used for? | Decrease stomach acid production, protect the stomach lining, prevent or treat gastric ulcers associated with the use of NSAIDs |
| What does the endocrine system consist of? | Pituitary, adrenal gland, thyroid gland, ovaries or testicles, pancreas, kidneys |
| What does the hypothalamus do? | It senses whether certain hormones need produced |
| What factors influence the hypothalamus? | Odors, sounds, sights, stress, temperature |
| Negative Feedback | Where high levels of hormone decrease the activity of the hypothalamus. |
| Positive Feedback | Where low levels of the hormone cause increased activity of the hypothalamus |
| What happens when the hypothalamus releases gonadotropin releasing hormone? | The pituitary gland then releases FSH and LH. |
| What does FSH do? | Causes a follicle to form |
| What does LH do? | Causes the mature follicle to ovulate and begin to form a corpus luteum |
| What does the corpus luteum do? | It releases progesterone and states the cycle into diestrus |
| What does progesterone do? | Prepares the uterus for reproduction and also decreases the production of GnRH through negative feedback |
| What do Estrogens do? | Inhibit ovulation, increase uterine tone, used to treat persistent corpus luteums in cattle |
| What are the androgen drugs? | Testosterone, Methyltestosterone, and Danzolol |
| What do the androgen durgs do? | Help promote weight gain, red blood cell formation, and tissue anabolism. Can be used to prevent estrus in female dogs |
| Progestins | Have the same effects as progesterone which helps maintain pregnancy |
| What are prostaglandins used for? | Abort pregnancies, induce birth, treat pyometra |
| What do the thyroid glands do? | They convert iodine into T3 and T4 |
| What is the thyroid gland involved in? | Heart rate, body temp, metabolic rate, skin condition |
| What is another name for Hypoadrenocorticisim? | Addison's Disease |
| What is another name for Hyperadrenocorticism? | Cushing's Disease |
| Addison's | Adrenal gland is unable to produce aldosterone and glucocorticoids needed to sustain life. Weakness, collapse, and diarrhea. Fatal if not treated. |
| Cushing's | Oversecretion of aldosterone and glucocorticoids by the adrenal gland. Tumor in the pituitary gland which then secretes too much ACTH |
| Rose Bengal | A stain used to detect corneal damage due to viruses or low tear production. |
| Examples of topical anesthetics for eyes | Proparacaine and tetracaine |
| Mydriatics | Used to dilate the pupil |
| Miotics | Used to constrict the pupils |
| What class of drugs can help decrease the production of aqueous humor? | Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors |
| Dermatophyte Test | Contains a dye that turns red as fungal agents grow. Use a woods lamp with it. |
| What functions does the skin have? | Protection, temp regulation, storage, sensory perception, secretion, vtiamin D production and metabolism |
| What are the 3 layers of skin? | Epidermis, Dermis, Hypodermis |
| What does the dermis consist of? | Contains blood vessels, nerves, hair follicles |
| What does the hypodermis consist of? | Contains fat and connective tissues |
| Seborrhea | A skin condition that results in an increased amount of scaling |
| Keratolytic | An agents that promotes loosening of the epidermis, helping to remove scaling |
| Astringents | Used to help precipitate proteins and are used on area of moist dermatitis |
| Antiseptic | Helps inhibit the growth of bacteria on the skin |
| What happens during stage 1 of the wound healing process? | Damaged cells release substances that cause inflammation and decrease bleeding causing vessels to constrict, serum leaks into the wound and fibrin helps clotting of the blood to seal up the wound |
| What happens during stage 2 of the wound healing process? | White blood cells move into the area to help clear up the infections and remove dead material |
| What happens during stage 3 of the wound healing process? | Fibroblasts begin to move through the area. They produce collagen which with the help of new capillaries forms granulation tissue |
| What happens during stage 4 of the wound healing process? | Remodeling occurs and the first 3 stages are cleaned up and the healed area becomes stronger |
| Gram Positive | Purple |
| Gram Negative | Red |
| Acid Fast Stain | Help classify bacteria that doesn't stain with gram tests. If the stain is retained, then they are acid fast bacteria |
| Parasitiasis | Animal is infected but no clinical signs are observed |
| Paratiosis | Animal is infected, but no clinical signs are observed |
| Signs of pain in a dog | Abnormal body position or movement, increased HR, increased RR, decreased appetite, salivation, vocalization, tenderness, restlessness |
| Mineralocorticoid | Effects help regulate electrolyte and water balance in the body |
| Signs of dehydration | V/D, lack of desire to drink, MM dry, skin turgor, weak or thready pulse |
| How many drops does a macrodrip give in an mL? | 10, 15, or 20 |
| How many drops does a microdrip give in an mL? | 60 |
| What are the fat soluble vitamins? | A, D, E, K |
| Regenerative Medicine | The use of cells and growth factors to improve the repair of damaged or poorly functioning tissues or organs, usually orthopedic disorders |
Created by:
akreed90