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Dynamics Test
Dynamics of Human Development final
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| One day a four-year-old Nicole and her father were out walking when it started to rain. Nicole exclaimed, "The clouds are raining". This statement is an example of preoperational... | Animism |
| Because of preoperational egocentrism children | may be playing the same game but following different rules |
| During a lesson on basic nutrition Marcus notices that Julie is totally confused when the teacher references broccoli as a good source of fiber and is listed broccoli among the nutritious green veggies. The teacher concludes | Julie needs more experience in forming categories flexibly |
| Marcy is given a choice of two Hershey's bars. One is broken into 4 pieces. She chooses the broken bar thinking it has more candy. She shows a lack of ______ & hasn't transitioned to _____ stage of development | conservation and concrete operational |
| Mandy's father pours milk into a cup. She then realizes that it has a crack in it so he pours it into another cup that is shorter & wider than the first. She isn't worried b/c she knows the amount stayed the same. She is thinking within the _______ stage | Concrete operational |
| What is the definition of centration? | focusing on a single salient feature of an object to the exclusion of the other features |
| Kagan shows a child two rice cakes initially similar in size and shape. He asks the girl to watch as he rolls one into a long, thin shape. He asks if they are the same. Assessment task is to find the presence of | Conservation |
| Lindsey knows that pouring a quantity of water into a different shaped glass does not change the amount of water. She doesn't understand that two 5lb weights are the same as one 10lb weight. This relates to Piaget's concept of | Decalage |
| The ability to deduce (draw logical inferences from given facts) is elementary! So what distinguishes formal from concrete operational thinkers? | they can apply their logic to objects and situations that don't really exist |
| "All Flips are Bools. Bools can not swim. Can Flips swim?"A formal operational thinker would answer: | No |
| From Piaget's perspective why might it be wise to postpone the teaching of complex fractions until middle school or high school? Younger students typically | haven't attained proportional reasoning |
| Sandy persists in mixing toxic chemicals without a face mask. Sh believes she is too young and healthy for any of this to have a negative consequence. This demonstrates the concept of ____ that is typical of adolescents' thinking | the personal fable |
| If one was to catch their tights on something a get a run, and imagine their students are looking at them and noticing the line up the back of the leg. This aspect of adolescent egocentrism is known as | the imaginary audience |
| Piaget's theory of cognitive development (1) | When Sue leaves out important details as she tries to explain something her teacher says, "I don't understand what you mean when you say..." |
| Piaget's theory of cognitive developement (2) | When a high school student claims people should "make love, not war" his teacher urges him to consider whether such an approach would have been advisable when the Fascist movement was gaining ground in Europe in the late 1930s and early 1940 |
| Piaget's theory of cognitive development (3) | When Martin says two nickels are worth more than one dime because there are two of them and they're bigger, his teacher asks, "How can that be? Two nickels are worth ten cents; one dime is also ten cents" |
| This is not consistent with Piaget's theory of cognitive development | A second-grade teacher encourages students to speculate about possible explanations as to why kites can fly and then to test each explanation systematically |
| From the Piagetian perspective social interaction promotes cognitive development in children and teens most effectively when | individuals share and explain different points of view |
| Project Rightstart uses which of the following learning tools to help children with math? | board games |
| In preparation for a day of observation in the garden the teacher explains that an insect has a body divided into three parts, three pairs of legs and usually two pairs of wings. To Piaget learning this definition is an example of | social knowledge |
| Jason watches older children in the garden, then starts digging in the dirt. Later he understands mounding the soil, covering roots, and watering seedlings. Eventually he masters 'planting'. He has constructed | assimilation |
| Piagetians suggest a good way to stimulate the construction of schemata is to | provide conceptual conflict |
| According to Piaget, which two processes underlie a person's understanding of the world? | organization and adaptaion |
| The process of adaptation | results from exploration and manipulation of the environment |
| Louis receives a new soccer ball and begins to dribble it in the same way he dribbles his basketball. His dribbling of the new ball reflects Piaget's concept of | assimilation |
| When Tammy's father places a blanket over the ball Tammy no longer attempts to reach for the ball which previously engaged her interest. According to Piaget, Tammy | has yet to develop object permanence |
| Siegler summarizes a study of infant ability to retrieve a hidden toy after the toy has been moved to a position on the opposite side of a previous hiding place. This study demonstrated | most infants fail at this task regardless of whether they are carried or crawl |
| Children who demonstrate gesture-speech mismatches when asked to explain how they arrived at an incorrect answer to a mathematical problem | tend to have a heightened readiness to learn from instruction |
| Studies have found a critical link between the quality of peer relationships and ____ in elementary school age children. | perspective taking skills |
| Judy believes it is worse to accidentally trip over two children than to purposely knock one child to the ground. Piaget would say this shows an orientation toward | consequences |
| In his investigation of morality Kohlberg focused on | the reasoning of an individual confronted with a moral dilemma |
| From a Kohlbergian perspective, if Ms. Higgins wants to promote the moral reasoning of her ninth graders, which approach is likely to be most helpful? | She should ask students to discuss controversial issues in a thoughtful and respectful manner |
| Freddie sees a boy fall in the mud. The boy says he hurt himself and asks Freddie for help, but he is worried that if he helps him he will get muddy. The least advanced prosocial moral dilemma would be considered | Freddie should not help the boy because he will get dirty and he doesn't want to get dirty |
| According to Siegler text which of the following statement by a parent is most likely to teach children the value of being prosocial? | If we help that boy he will be less sad |
| What is an example of preconventional level of moral reasoning? | it's okay to cheat on this exam because the teacher isn't watching me |
| The internal regulatory system that increases an individual's ability to conform to socially approved standards of behavior is referred to as | the conscience |
| "Eating peas with your fingers is ok as long as there are no adults at the table, but taking things without asking is always naughty, even if no one sees you do it" What is she still doing? | can distinguish between moral and conventional transgressions |
| According to the Siegler text what is associated with children's internalization of parents' standards and values? | rational explanations |
| What is true about school-based interventions designed to promote prosocial behavior? | The enhanced sense of community is associated with greater prosocial behavior and fewer problem behaviors |
| Kohlberg explained moral development as the process of | constructing an understanding of moral principles on the basis of everyday interactions |
| Early in his career Kohlberg attempted to change the moral reasoning of criminals by having them engage in a series of dilemma discussions. He interpreted the faiure of his interventions to demonstrate significant improvement in prisoner's moral reasoning | as a result of the moral character of prisons as cultural institutions |
| In Ralph Mosher's democratic school students | care about one another and feel a need to fulfill their commitments |
| Clark powers recorded conversations from an actual "Just Community" school meeting. In reading an excerpt from such meetings in class we learned the students were struggling with the meaning of | community |
| In what country would Kohlberg's stages or moral development be most applicable? | one that highly values human rights for all |
| Kohlberg poses "Heinz dilemma" Abbas responds "this is a very sad situation. Stealing is against the law & Heinz should expect to be punished yet saving a life is the most important consideration" Abbas rationale is at the _____ level | postconventional |
| After a thorough review of the research literature, James Rest suggested there are 4+ components of moral behavior... From his perspective moral sensitivity & complex reasoning may be insufficient for moral behavior to occur if | other motivations override your moral judgment |
| Nel Noddings suggests individuals are more likely to act morally if | they are given opportunities to practice caring |
| ...whether to have an abortion a woman considers the effects of having another child on the new baby, herself, other children and parents. To Gilligan such considerations typify which orientation toward moral reasoning? | Care |
| One argument in favor of viewing Kohlberg's stage theory as ethnocentric is that | principled, postconventional judgment reflects the political structure and values of the societies in which Kohlberg lived, but may be ill-fitting for other societies |
| After traveling to India, and being exposed to Ganhdi, Shweder suggested | moral reasoning is too influenced by culture to believe in universal stages |
| Three categories of fundamental movement identified by Gallahue are | locomotor, manipulative, and stability |
| According to Gallahue in the initial stage of fundamental movement development | coordination is generally very poor |
| Fundamental aspects of _____ must be mastered before efficient forms of locomotion can occur | stability |
| Gallahue believes _____ are important for the development of mature fundamental movement | practice, instructional feedback, and encouragement |
| Culturally-specific motor skills such as riding a tricycle become smoother and better coordinated as a result of | physical maturation, practice, and persistence |
| Skill themes encouraging practice in stability would emphasize | bending, stretching, pivoting, dodging and working with balance beams |
| Low organized games | encourage all participants to keep moving but also have a built in rest |
| The capacity of the brain to be shaped by experience is referred to as | plasticity |
| When an expected form of sensory input is absent, what happens to the areas of the brain that normally would have become specialized as a result of that experience? | they can be reorganized to serve another function |
| Research on violinists and cellists (who use the fingers of their left hands to manipulate the strings of their instruments) has demonstrated which of the following? | the effects of experience on human brain structure are highly specific, with increased cortical connections in the particular area that is relevant to the experience |
| The general growth curve that characterizes physical development conforms to what pattern? | Rapid growth for an approximately the first two years of life, slower growth through early and middle childhood, rapid growth at the time of pubertal changes leveling off at early adulthood. |
| Three month old Mary Jo can hold her head up when in the arms of an adult but doesn't yet have much control of what her legs do. What best describes her progression in muscular control? | it shows a cephalocaudal trend which is typical |
| Three of the following statements accurately describe the typical physical development of children in the elementary grades. What is not accurate? | Children become increasingly clumsy in their gross motor skills |
| What is an accurate characterization of physical development? | middle childhood speed&coordination are intensified in running, kicking, catching, and dribbling; there is normally considerable variation in the onset of puberty; maturation of the brain makes it possible for adolescents to better regulate their emotions |
| By middle elementary years children can do much of the structuring of physical activities and games themselves | true |
| most physical skills are primarily the result of considerable practice | true |
| Children should be taught to hop before you attempt galloping and skipping | true |
| 6yr olds Susie and Debbie are rolling around in the dirt in what looks like fighting but they both get up smiling. Susie sticks her tongue out and Debbie follows her in pursuit. What would this play be classified as? | Rough and tumble play |
| Justin is a typical 17 yr old Middle class American. What is he most likely to eat for dinner when given a free choice? | A high fat, high sodium, high sugar meal |
| Parents who reward children with sweets for eating vegetables are likely influencing their children to | dislike vegetables even more and have a stronger preference for sweet, fatty foods |
| Betty scans old photographs to make a digital family album. She wants to sequence them chronologically. Which photograph would most likely come 1st if she was working youngest to oldest? gapped toothed Debbie or Diana who's jaw appears long and angular? | Debbie - becomes this way during early adolescents |
| Mary's mother is boycotting the school's cafeteria because they serve soda pop at lunch time and have Pepsi machines in the hallway. Mary's mother | is rightfully concerned because too many soft drinks puts bones at risk for demineralization |
| As a coach for preadolescent boys Tom knows to watch for signs of heat exhaustion on this hot and humid day. While keeping an eye on all his players he pays particular attention to | Bill who is 20 pounds overweight Barry who has a wrapped shin and large band aid on his elbow. Jon who is solidly built because his large muscle mass generates heat. |
| If someone is getting up at 6 and going to bed at 12:00 are they getting enough sleep? How many hours of sleep does the typical person need? | No; Anywhere from 8 to 10 hours of sleep. |
| What is true about sleep? | Lack of sleep can lead to difficulty controlling aggressive impulses |
| A baby born at 38 weeks after conception weighing 5 lbs is considered | small for gestation age |
| The American Academy of Pediatricians recommends breastfeeding infants due to its many advantages. What is not an advantage of breastfeeding? | breastfeeding is always possible, whereas obtaining formula may not be |
| Environmental agents that have the potential to cause harm during prenatal development are called | teratogens |
| An infant is allowed to play with a toy block in the dark so that he cannot see it. Later he is shown the block as well as a ball. If he realizes that it was the block that he played with, he has learned through what? | intermodal perception |
| The research by Thelen that had infants partially immersed in a tank of water demonstrated what to be responsible for the disappearance of the stepping reflex? | changing ratio of weight to strength |
| Athletic dropouts | cite too much competition as the main reason for leaving |
| What best accounts for males being taller on average in adulthood than females? | males grow more during the growth spurt |
| Girls are potentially more athletic during middle school because they are | physically more mature |
| How has the timing of puberty historically affected the development of males in our society? | Early maturing males are more athletic; early maturing males are regarded as socially superior; later maturing boys lack self-confidence but compensate by becoming more creative |
| Emotional competencies can be cultivated in the classroom. What would be least effective | Realize that culture has little influence on emotional competence |
| Ms. Ellis wants to promote emotional development to her 5th grade students. What would be least effective? | She should encourage her students to censure their emotions so they are not overwhelmed by them |
| 4year old Juanita approaches you with a book and her favorite bear. She wants to know if you would like to read a book. You surmise that Juanita is ___ attached to her primary caregiver | securely |
| The complex emotions of guilt, shame and pride typically do not emerge until around age three after a rudimentary sense of self has been developed. Further development occurs in the elem. school years as | Children better understand the circumstances that evoke these emotions |
| When discussing the issue of bonding Dr. Gloo uses phrases like "critical period" and "moving object." Given your knowledge of psychology you would rightly conclude Dr. Gloo's beliefs stem from the work of_____. | Konrad Lorenz |
| When Lucy gets a gift she doesn't like, she smiles and thanks her uncle for the gift but is thinking, "Yuck!" She is likely what age? | 4 years old |
| As a parent with an Eriksonian orientation, Theodora believes the first challenge in personality development her daughter will confront concerns | trust |
| For Erikson a negative outcome of early childhood is a child who | approaches the world timidly and fearfully |
| Anxiety is typical for many teenagers. Erikson would argue stress results from an attempt to resolve the crisis of _____. | identity versus identity confusion |
| Martha's dad says, "Your grandmother was a teacher, your mom was a teacher, and you should be a teacher"Without thinking she says "I guess that sounds good" Concerning her career, Martha is in identity | foreclosure |
| A negative identity is | chosen in opposition to what is valued by one's caregivers |
Created by:
cstakey