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Leukemia is classified as:
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A patient has a thrombosis. While reviewing the history, the nurse found the patient has atherosclerosis. To which component of the Virchow triad does the atherosclerosis correlate?
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Jan Marie Mabolis
Pathophyisology Final
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Leukemia is classified as: | acute or chronic |
| A patient has a thrombosis. While reviewing the history, the nurse found the patient has atherosclerosis. To which component of the Virchow triad does the atherosclerosis correlate? | Endothelial injury |
| Hypersplenism occurs when: | The spleen is overactive |
| The best treatment for multiple myeloma: | chemotherapy |
| What type of cell is most affected by acute leukemia? | blast cell |
| You observe a platelet count of 9,000/mm3, which condition must you monitor for in this patient? | spontaneous bleeding |
| Which symptoms should you assess for in a patient with Hodgkin's lymphoma? | Night sweats, low-grade fevers, and weight loss |
| A patient has lymphoblastic lymphoma. Which organ is most affected? | Thymus |
| A patient has multiple myeloma. Which area in the body does the nurse closely monitor for the tumor masses? | bones |
| A patient has acquired immunodeficiency syndrom (AIDS). Which laboratory report should the nurse monitor closely in this patient? | lymphocyte counts |
| Aortic stenosis results in the incomplete emptying of the: | left ventricle |
| One complication of sustained hypertension is: | anemia |
| Mitogens, such as angiotensin II, and growth factors stimulate: | smooth muscle proliferation |
| If a patient's history indicates that the cardiac valve disease is autosomal dominant, which diagnosis will the nurse observe written in the chart? | mitral valve prolapse |
| Prinzmetal angina is caused by: | vasospasm |
| A patient is diagnosed with chronic pulmonary disease and elevated pulmonary vascular resistance. Which of the following heart failures does the nurse assess for in this patient? | right-sided heart failure |
| A patient's coronary blood flow is insufficient to meet the metabolic demands of the myocytes. Which term will the nurse use to describe this process? | myocardial ischemia |
| A nurse is asked why myocardial ischemia is usually reversible within 20 minutes. What is the nurse's best response? | anaerobic metabolism maintains cellular integrity for approximately 20 minutes |
| The main white blood cell that plays a role in the development of the fatty streak in atherosclerosis is the: | macrophage |
| Secondary hypertension is caused by: | an underlying disease process or medication that raises peripheral vascular resistance or cardiac output |
| High ventilation/perfusion (V/Q) ration can be caused by: | obstruction to pulmonary blood flow |
| Dyspnea that occurs when an individual lies flat and is common in individuals with heart failure: | orthopnea |
| All disorders associated with ARDS cause massive pulmonary: | inflammation |
| A patient has recently developed chronic bronchitis. Which assessment finding is typical for this patient? | a productive cough |
| What term is used to describe hypertrophy of the nailbeds due to chronic hypoxemia? | clubbing |
| A patient has pleuritic chest pain, shortness of breath, and hemoptysis. The primary care provider suspects a pulmonary embolus. Which laboraotry test should the nurse check to help confirm this diagnosis? | D-dimer levels |
| Which assessment finding indicates that the patient is experiencing dyspnea? | feelings of shortness of breath |
| A patient in the emergency room reports coughing up blood, night sweats, and recently "feeling tired all of the time." The patient is feverish. What medical condition does the nurse suspect the patient is experiencing? | Tuberculosis |
| An area where alveoli are ventilated but not perfused is termed: | Alveolar dead space |
| Obstruction to pulmonary blood flow results in: | decreased pefusion and a high V/Q ratio |
| A 67-year-old male was diagnosed with polycythemia vera (PV) but refused treatment. His condition is at risk for converting to: | acute myeloid leukemia. |
| A 21-year-old woman was recently diagnosed with iron deficiency anemia. Her hematocrit is 32%. Which of the following treatments would the nurse expect to be prescribed for her? | Iron replacement |
| A patient diagnosed with multiple myeloma reports severe pain. This pain can be attributed to: | destruction of bone tissue. |
| A 35-year-old female is diagnosed with vitamin B12 deficiency anemia (pernicious anemia). The most likely cause is a decrease in: | intrinsic factor. |
| A 40-year-old male’s history includes being a vegetarian and abusing alcohol. Which of the following factors put him at greatest risk for developing folate deficiency anemia? | Being alcoholic |
| An IV drug user was diagnosed with hepatitis C 5 years ago. The patient is now experiencing impaired blood clotting. The nurse suspects a decrease in which of the following vitamins? | K |
| A mother has a child that is diagnosed with sickle cell anemia. While the mother does not have the disease, which characteristic of her genetic makeup is responsible for the child’s disease? | Hb S and Hb A |
| A nurse is planning care for a child with iron deficiency anemia. Characteristics of iron deficiency anemia include which of the following? (Select all that apply.) | It is most common between the ages of 6 months and 2 years It may be related to socioeconomic factors. It is difficult to diagnose in early stages. |
| In the United States, which group of people should be assessed first for sickle cell disease? | Blacks |
| A 5-year-old male is diagnosed with immune thrombocytic purpura (ITP). What is the most common cause of this condition? | Virally induced antibody destruction of platelets |
| Testing reveals that a child has hemophilia A. This bleeding disorder results from a deficiency in factor: | VIII |
| The alpha and beta thalassemias are inherited in an _____ fashion. | autosomal recessive |
| Foam cells in a fatty streak are: | macrophages that engulf low-density lipoprotein (LDL). |
| For an infection to progress to septic shock, what must occur? | Bacteria must enter the bloodstream. |
| When a nurse checks the patient for orthostatic hypotension, what activity did the nurse have the patient engage in? | Standing up |
| A patient is diagnosed with coronary artery disease. Which of the following modifiable risk factors would the nurse suggest the patient change? | Smoking cigarettes |
| A 30-year-old female presents to her primary care provider with fever, cardiac murmur, and petechial skin lesions and is diagnosed with infective endocarditis. The most likely cause of the disease is: | bacteria |
| A patient with left heart failure starts to have a cough and dyspnea. Pulmonary symptoms common to left heart failure are a result of: | pulmonary vascular congestion. |
| What term is used to describe the patent opening between the aorta and pulmonary artery in a fetus? | Ductus arteriosus |
| What is the most common type of congenital heart defect assessed for in infants? | Ventricular septal defect (VSD) |
| A newborn is severely cyanotic. An echocardiogram reveals transposition of the great arteries. What is the characteristic defect associated with this condition? | The aorta leaving the right ventricle |
| A newborn develops a murmur and cyanosis shortly after birth. A diagnosis of pulmonic stenosis (PS) is made after an echocardiogram revealed narrowing of the pulmonary: | valve |
| Coarctation of the aorta is the local narrowing of the aorta near the: | ductus arteriosus. |
| An 8-week-old infant’s well-baby check reveals a murmur, and an echocardiogram shows a large ventricular septal defect. If left untreated, what condition could develop? | Pulmonary hypertension |
| A 20-year history of smoking causes airways to be obstructed as a result of: | loss of elastic recoil. |
| Asthma is thought to be caused by: | interactions between genetic and environmental factors. |
| Which organism does the nurse suspect is the most likely cause of empyema? | Staphylococcus aureus |
| A 60 year old with a 25-year history of smoking is diagnosed with emphysema. Assessment shows an increased anterior-posterior chest diameter. The nurse attributes this finding to: | air trapping. |
| A low ventilation-perfusion ratio of the lung will result in: | shunting. |
| An 80 year old develops PNA in the hospital. An assessment identifies that the patient is cyanotic and tachycardic and has developed a fever and a cough. Chest x-ray reveals pus in the pleural space. This symptomology supports which medical diagnosis? | Empyema |
| Cystic fibrosis (CF) is an _____ disease. | autosomal recessive |
| A 1-year-old female is diagnosed with croup. Which of the following symptoms is most likely to be present when the nurse performs an assessment? (Select all that apply.) | Barking cough Stridor Hoarseness |
| The coroner ruled sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) as the cause of death of a 5-month-old-female. Which risk factor is most likely associated with SIDS? | Frequent respiratory infections |
| To help confirm a diagnosis of cystic fibrosis in a 1-year-old child, which substance will be monitored for in the child’s sweat? | Chloride |
| Which pathology is characteristic of asthma? | Expiratory wheezing |
| A 2-week-old female presents with fever, productive cough, respiratory distress, and empyema. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis the nurse will observe on the chart? | Staphylococcal pneumonia |
| A patient has a dilated ureter from an obstructed upper urinary tract. Which term will the nurse use to describe this condition? | Hydroureter |
| A patient experiences relief of bilateral kidney obstruction which results in postobstructive diuresis. What risks are associated with this situation? | Fluid and electrolyte imbalance |
| Which of the following symptom is associated with overactive bladder syndrome? | Nocturia |
| A nurse is describing bladder dysfunction caused by neurologic disorders like stroke, traumatic brain injury, dementia and brain tumors. Which of the following terms refers to this type of bladder dysfunction? | Neurogenic bladder |
| The nurse is assessing a patient with bladder cancer. Which of the following is a typical finding for patients with bladder cancer? | Hematuria |
| A patient with cystitis reports painful urination. The nurse will document this symptom as which of the following? | Dysuria |
| A patient presents with a UTI. The nurse knows that the most causative pathogen is which of the following? | Escherichia coli |
| A patient has chronic pyelonephritis. What would the nurse expect to see in this patient? | Kidney scarring |
| The nurse is describing the pathophysiology of glomerulonephritis. Which of the following mechanisms represent a major component of both primary and secondary glomerular injury? | Antigen-antibody comlexes that deposit within the glomerulus |
| Which of the following occurs when normally soluble materials such as calcim and oxalate supersaturates the urine and begins the process of crystal formation? | Kidney stones |
| A 14-year old girl has failed to menstruate and develop secondary sex characteristics. What term is used to describe this condition? | primary amenorrhea |
| What term is used when describing the occurence of sexual maturation in girls before the age of 6 and in boys before the age of 9? | precocious puberty |
| Demoid cysts are tumors that contain elements of skin, hair, glands, muscle, cartilage, and bone that can eventually develop into: | ovarian cancer |
| Risk factors for the development of endometrial cancer include: | obesity, early menarche, and late menopause |
| Exposure in utero to non-steroidal estrogens (diethylstilbestrol [DES]) also has been identified as a risk factor for: | vaginal cancer |
| Which cancer is the nurse testing for when the Papanicolaou test (Pap smear) is used for routine screening? | cervical cancer |
| An abnormal dilation of a vein within the spermatic cord that can lead to infertility is known as a: | varicocele |
| Polycystic ovarian syndrome results in stimulation of follicle growth without ovulation and generally leads to: | infertility |
| Benign ovarian cysts are classified as: | follicular, corpus luteum/luteal, or dermoid |
| What intervention is recommended for patients with benign breast disease? | monitoring the intake of caffeine and chocolate |
| Tissue damage in acute pancreatitis is caused by: | leakage of pancreatic enzymes into pancreatic tissue |
| The most common cause of chronic pancreatitis is: | alcohol abuse |
| A patient has a small bowel obstruction. What are the classic symptoms? | vomiting, colicky abdominal pain, and abdominal distention |
| What will be included in the initial assesment finding for a stress ulcer in a patient who sustained severe trauma? | gastrointestinal bleeding |
| Gastrectomy surgery commonly leads to a vitamin B12 deficiency anemia because: | decreased intrinsic factor production results in decreased vitamin B |
| Reflux esophagitis is defined as: | an inflammatory response to gastroesophageal reflux |
| The most common cause of portal hypertension is: | liver cirrhosis |
| Malabsorption of what vitamin due to injury to the muscosa of the ileum is a common characteristic of Crohn's disease? | vitamin B12 |
| Disorders is most commonly associated with bright red blood in the stools? | colorectal cancer |
| What interventions will the nurse include in a plan of care for a patient with gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)? | weight reduction, smoking cessation, and elevating the head of the bed 6 inches help to alleviate symptoms |
| An older male presents with flank pain and polyuria. Tests reveal that he has an enlarged prostate. Which type of renal failure is this patient at risk for? | Postrenal |
| A 75 year old reports loss of urine with cough, sneezing, or laughing. These symptoms support which diagnosis? | Stress incontinence |
| A patient is diagnosed with renal calculus that is causing a urinary obstruction. Which symptoms would be most likely experienced? | Flank pain |
| Mechanisms for defense against urinary pathogens in men include: (Select all that apply.) | the long length of the urethra. the antimicrobial secretions from the prostate. |
| What is the most common type of renal stone composed of? | Calcium |
| When a child is admitted with acute renal failure, a clinician realizes the most common cause of acute renal failure is: | hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS). |
| The life expectancy of infants who are diagnosed with bilateral renal agenesis is expected to be: | death within a few hours of birth. |
| A 7-year-old male presents to his primary care provider for incontinence. His mother indicates that he has never been continent before. This history supports which form of enuresis? | Primary |
| What term is used to describe a chronic renal failure caused by a lack of development of one of the kidneys? | Renal aplasia |
| Physical examination of a newborn who dies shortly after birth reveals wide-set eyes, parrot-beak nose, low-set ears, and receding chin. These abnormalities support which diagnosis? | Potter syndrome |
| During a routine pelvic exam, a 34-year-old female is found to have an ovarian cyst containing skin, hair, cartilage, and bone. This cyst is classified as a _____ cyst. | dermoid |
| A 20-year-old female presents with pelvic and back pain severe enough to miss work beginning with the onset of menses. Physical examination supports the diagnosis of primary dysmenorrhea. The most likely cause of her condition is: | elevated prostaglandins. |
| A 35-year-old female is diagnosed with endometriosis. Suppressing which of the following would be the most appropriate medical treatment for this disease? | Ovulation |
| A 38-year-old female was recently diagnosed with cancer. She learns that her mother almost miscarried while pregnant with her and was given diethylstilbestrol (DES) to prevent it. Which of the following cancers does she most likely have? | Vaginal |
| A 30-year-old female with newly diagnosed polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is being counseled by her OB-GYN. The physician indicates that this condition often results in: | Infertility |
| A 21 year old presents with inflammation of the testes and is diagnosed with orchitis. What is the most likely cause of his symptoms? | Mumps |
| A 38 year old presents reporting difficulty having sexual intercourse because his penis curves during erection. What term describes this condition? | Peyronie disease |
| Which of the following are true regarding prostate cancer? (Select all that apply.) | It is the leading type of nonskin cancer in men in the United States. Prostate cancer death rates have been declining in the United States. |
| In the majority of cases delayed puberty is due to: | slow maturation. |
| Cryptorchidism can be defined as: | problems with testicular descent. |
| The primary causes of duodenal ulcers include: (Select all that apply.) | nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). H. pylori infection. |
| A 20 year old recently diagnosed with lactose intolerance eats an ice cream cone and develops diarrhea. This diarrhea can be classified as _____ diarrhea. | osmotic |
| The most common clinical manifestation of portal hypertension is _____ bleeding. | esophageal |
| Manifestations associated with hepatic encephalopathy from chronic liver disease are the result of: | impaired ammonia metabolism. |
| Acute pancreatitis often manifests with pain to which of the following regions? | Epigastric |
| The family learns that a 3D ultrasound of a 9-week fetus shows incomplete fusion of the nasomedial process. What is this defect commonly called? | Cleft lip |
| Occurrence of gastroesophageal reflux (GER) is highest in which pediatric population? | Premature infants |
| Meconium ileus (MI) is associated with which of the following disorders? | Cystic fibrosis |
| Marasmus is most common in children of which age-group? | Younger than 1 year |
| A 3-month-old female presents with intention tremors, dystonia, greenish-yellow rings in the cornea, and hepatomegaly. Tests reveal a defect on chromosome 13. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis? | Wilson disease |
| Which laboratory result will be elevated in a patient with disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)? | Fibrin degradation products |
| A nurse suspects that the patient is experiencing disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC0. Which laboratory test should the nurse ask the primary care provider to order? | D-dimer |
| Neutrophilia and a left shift are most commonly associated with: | a bacterial infection |
| Inflammatory cytokines released by Hodgkin's lymphoma tumors often cause: | Night sweats, low-grade fevers, and weight loss |
| The most common cause of hypoparathyroidism is: | parathyroid gland injury or removal |
| The pathophysiology of type 1 diabetes mellitus (DM) involves: | autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta cells |
| A mjor cause of myxedema coma is: | untreated hypothyroidism |
| A patient is experiencing a thyroid storm: Which assessment findings will the nurse observe? | High levels of thyroid hormone in conjuction with high levels of stress hormones lead to fever, tachycardia, and eventually high-output heart failure |
| Fibromyalgia specifically manifests with: | trigger/tender point pain |
| A patient has a fracture that broke into several fragments. Which type of fracture did the patient sustain? | comminuted |
| A factor that contributes to the development of osteoporosis in older women (post-menopausal) is: | decreased estrogen levels |
| A patient has osteomyelitis. When the nurse is reviewing the laboratory results, which type of organism will the nurse most likely observe on the report? | bacteria |
| Pain and inflammation associated with gout are caused by crystallization of: | uric acid |
| Severe trauma can result in the release of myoglobin from skeletal muscle cells, causing a life-threatening condition called: | Rhabdomyolysis |
| Aortic stenosis results in the incomplete emptying of the: | left ventricle |
| Prinzmetal angina is caused by: | vasospasm |
| What develops if the flow or oxygen content of coronary blood is insufficient to meet the metabolic demands of myocardial cells? | myocardial ischemia |
| All disorders associated with ARDS cause massive pulmonary: | inflammation |
| A productive cough for at least 3 months is the classic sign of: | chronic bronchitis |
| The sensation of feeling short of breath | feeling short of breath |
| An area where alveoli are ventilated but not perfused is termed: | alveolar dead space |
| an acquired chronic autoimmune disease mediated by antibodies against acetylcholine receptor (AChR) at the neuromuscular junction: | Myasthenia gravis |
| Rheumatoid arthritis results from joint inflammation caused by: | autoimmune injury |
| A set of pins connected to stabilizing bars on the outside of the patient is a type of treatment for fractures called: | external fixation |
| A patient has a small bowel obstruction. Which classic symptoms should the nurse assess for in this patient? | vomiting, colicky abdominal pain, and abdominal distention |
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