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English Review
English Final Exam Review
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Rhetorical Situation | The circumstances in which you communicate |
| Elements of Rhetorical Situations | - Communicator - Audience - Occasion - Culture - Message |
| Communicator | Whoever is sending the message |
| Audience | Whoever is intended to receive the message |
| Occasion | The event that makes communication necessary |
| Culture | The social expectations surrounding communication |
| Message | What is being communicated - Topic - Purpose - Tone - POV - Medium |
| Topic | The main idea of message |
| Purpose | The goal of the message (to persuade, to explain) |
| Tone | The attitude in which you present your message (formal, angry, serious) |
| POV | The Perspective (1st, 2nd, 3rd) |
| Medium | The form of communication (Talking, writing, body language, etc) |
| Why is it important to understand your rhetorical situation? | Makes you a more effective communicator and a critical audience member. |
| 3 Types of Prewriting | - Brainstorming (Everything from head in bullet points) - Freewriting (Timer then write) - Mapping/Clustering/Webbing (Visual, Connecting) |
| Thesis Statement | Statement that presents your position on your narrow topic |
| 4 Things That a Thesis Statement Shouldn't Do? | - Being too Board - Be purely Factual/Closed off - Don’t write an Offensive/Highly Opinionated Statement - Make an Announcement |
| Evidence | Anything that supports, proves, or illustrates your thesis. |
| Types of Evidence | - Facts - Details - Anecdotes - Statistics - Quotes from Credible Sources - Personal Observations - Examples |
| Qualities of Good Evidence | - Relevant: Stay on topic - Specific: The 5 Ws - Adequate: Just enough - Accurate: Up to date/Correct |
| Qualities of Good Evidence #2 | - Dramatic (Sometimes): Use descrip. to appeal to emotions - Representative (Usual): Don’t use exceptions as evidence - Documented if Borrowed: Outside source, cite it |
| 4 Types of Organization | - Chronological: Time order - Spatial: Space/Location order - Simple to Complex: Start with a broad idea and move to more specific parts. - Emphatic: Order of Emphasis/Importance (Save your best evidence for last) |
| When should you use each type of organization? | - Chronological: Narrative - Spatial: Description - Simple-to-Complex: Explanation - Emphatic: Argument/Persuasion |
| Topic Sentence | Sentence that introduces the main idea of a specific body paragraph |
| How is a Topic Sentence different from a Thesis Statement? | Topic Sentences introduce the main idea of a particular paragraph rather than the main idea of the essay like a thesis. |
| What strategies can you use to make your paragraphs more cohesive? | - Transition words - Clear Organization Structure. - Synonyms - Occasionally combine sentences & ideas. |
| What is the difference between Revising and Proofreading/Editing? | - Revising: Make your ideas clear by adding, deleting, or rearranging them as necessary. - Proofreading/Editing: Correcting Grammar, Spelling, Punctuation, and Formatting issues. |
| Illustration | Provide examples of what you’re talking about. |
| Why is it important to illustrate your points? | - Makes writing more interesting and persuasive - Helps to explain difficult ideas and prevent unintended ambiguity |
| What is the difference between abstract and concrete words? | - Concrete: Tangible things (Things that you can point or touch) - Abstract: Intangible things like ideas, beliefs, or feelings (Way more subject. Can’t point to them) |
| Which is better for description: Concrete or Abstract? | Concrete because you have to explain an abstract idea just in case your audience doesn’t know. |
| Which is harder to define: Concrete or Abstract? | Abstract |
| What is the difference between Denotation and Connotation? | - Denotation: The dictionary definition of a word - Connotation: The extra emotive or suggestive meaning of a word; the vibes. Ex: Death - Denotation: Not Living - Connotation: Dark, morbid, gloomy |
| Sensory Details | Words related to the 5 senses (Sight, Touch, Taste, Smell, Hearing) |
| Rogerian Argument | Acknowledge an opposing argument and then respectfully refute it. |
| How does a Rogerian Argument help your persuasive paper? | Boosts your ethos and logos. |
| 3 Rhetorical Appeals | - Ethos: Showing you are credible. - Pathos: Appealing to your audience’s emotions. - Logos: Using reason/logic |
| How can someone establish credibility in their essay? | - Credentials or Personal experience with topic - Use Credible Sources. - Show goodwill to your readers. - Use Rogerian Argument. - Avoid Inaccurate Information. - Avoid Grammar Errors |
| How can someone build pathos in their essay? | - Use Emotionally Charged Words - Anecdotes (Put a face on your issue) |
| Inductive | Type of logic that makes observations of evidence and then leaps to a conclusion. |
| Deductive | Type of logic that goes from a universally accepted premise and moves to a specific conclusion. |
| Fallacies | Flaws in Logic |
| Types of Fallacies | - Ad Hominem - Post Hoc - Red Herring - Begging the Question - False Analogy - Appealing to Questionable Authority - Either/Or - Non Sequitur |
| Ad Hominem | Attacking someone’s character instead of addressing the issue. |
| Post Hoc | Assume that since B happened after A, A caused B. |
| Red Herring | Stinky fish; changing the topic instead of addressing the issue. |
| Begging the Question | When you base your entire argument on a debatable premise. |
| False Analogy | Treat two similar things as if they are exactly the same. |
| Appealing to Questionable Authority | Don’t cite a source or cite a uncredible source. |
| Either/Or | Reduce a complex situation down to two diametrically opposed situations. |
| Non Sequitur | Doesn't follow; Your conclusion doesn’t make sense based on your evidence. |
| MLA stand for what? | Modern Language Association |
| According to the MLA, how and where should you cite your sources? | - Short in-text citations after a quote or paraphrase - Full citations on a Works Cited page. |
| Plagiarism | Taking someone else's work and passing them off as one's own. |
| Consequences of Plagiarism | - Losing points. - Failing the assignment. - Failing the class. - Getting expelled, sued, fired - Losing people’s trust. |
Created by:
Whateverisfree
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