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NERVOUS SYSTEM 33-37
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Nervous system functions? | to control skeletal muscle movement & helps to regulate cardiac & visceral smooth muscle activity. |
| Nervous system | provides the means by which cell and tissue functions are integrated into a solitary, surviving organism. |
| What does the nervous system enable? | the reception, integration, and perception of sensory information |
| The nervous sytem provides the substraum necessary for? | Intelligence, anticipation, and judgement. & it facilitates adjustment to an ever-changing external environment. |
| What 2 basic components can the nervous system be divided into? | The Central nervous system & the Peripheral nervous system. |
| Centeral nervous system consists of | brain & spinal cord. (protected by skull and vertebral column) |
| Autonomic Nervous system | regulates the organs (viscera) of our body, the heart, stomach, and intestines. |
| Autonomic Nervous system is important for two situations | Fight or flight, & Rest & digest |
| nerve cells | (neurons) |
| support cells | glia |
| The peripheral Nervous system is divided into 2 major parts? | The somatic nervous system & the autonomic nervous system |
| The somatic nervous system consists of | peripheral nerve fibers that send sensory information to the central nervous system and motor nerve fibers that project to skeletal muscle. |
| The autonomic nervous system is divided into 3 parts | the sympathetic nervous system, the paraympathetic nervous system & the enteric nervous system. |
| The enteric nervous sytem? | is a meshwork of nerve fibers that innervate the viscera. (gastointestinal tract, pancreas, gall bladder) |
| brain is divided into 2 halves | hemisphere |
| The 2 halves of the brain communicate through a bundle of nerve fibers called? | corpus callosum |
| The 2 halves of the brain are connected by? | corpus callosum & anterior commissure |
| What is a collection of neurons called in the central nervous system? | nuclei |
| What is a collection of neurons called in the pheriphral nervous system? | ganglia |
| In the central nervous system a collection of axons is called? | tracts |
| In the pheriphral nervous system a collection of axons is called? | nerves |
| In peripheral nervous system neurons can be functionally divided three ways | Sensory & motor, Cranial & spinal, or Somatic & visceral. |
| Sensory (afferent) neurons | carry information into the central nervous system from sense organs |
| Motor (efferent) neurons | carry information away from the central nervous system (for muscle control) |
| Cranial neurons | connects the brain with the periphery |
| Spinal neurons | connects the spinal cord with periphery |
| Somatic neurons | connects the skin or muscle with the central nervous system. |
| Visceral neurons | connects the internal organs with the central nervous system. |
| cerebellum | movement, balance, posture |
| brain stem | breathing, heart rate, blood pressure |
| hypothalmus | body temperature, emotions, hunger, thirst, & circadian rhythms. |
| Thalamus | Sensory processing & movement |
| Limbic system | emotions & memory |
| Hippocampus | Learning & memory |
| basal ganglia | movement |
| Mid brain | Vision, audition, eye movement, body movement |
| choroid plexus | where cerebralspinal fluid is made. Consists of ependymal cells |
| Frontal lobe | motor & anticipation |
| Parietal lobe | somatosensory |
| temporal lobe | hearing & memory |
| occipital lobe | vision |
| limbic system | emotional |
| What are the four modalities of somatosensory experience? | discriminative touch, propriocetion, temperature sense, & nociception |
| 2 pathways that carry somatosensory information through the CNS | Dorsal column-medial lemniscal pathway & the anterolateral pathway. |
| dorsal column-medial lemniscal pathway | crosses in the medulla and relays touch and body position |
| Anterolateral pathway | crosses in the spinal cord and relays temperature and pain sensation from the opposite side of the body. |
| somatosensory system relays information to the cns about four major body sensations | touch, temperature, pain & body position |
| First order neurons | contain sensory receptors and transmit information from the periphery to the CNS. |
| Second-order neurons | which communicate with various reflex and sensory pathways in the spinal cord and contain ascending pathways that travel to the thalamus. |
| Third-order neurons | which relay information from the thalamus to the cerebral cortex. |
| sensory homunculus | a distorted map of the body and head surface ( reflects the density of cortical neurons devoted to sensory input from afferents in corresponding peripheral areas. |
| proprioceptions | is the sense of limb and body movement and position without using vision |
| Crude tactile sensation | is carried by the bilateral slow-conducting anterolateral pathway. |
| dermatone | the part of the body innervated by the somatosensory afferent neurons of one set of dorsal root ganglia |
| Hyperpathia | continued stimulation causes pain this one is called a syndrome, the pain sensory threshold is high, but once you reach that threshold the pain becomes very intense and happens mainly with localized ischemia. |
| Paresthesias | is spontaneous, unpleasant sensation (pin & needles) |
| Dysesthesia | just the distortions of somesthetic sensation, typically accompanys like a partial loss of sensory nervation. |
| hypalgesia | reduced pain sensation |
| analgesia | absence of pain still conscious |
| allodynia | pain after non-noxious stimulus. something that is common that should react like that in a person. people that have the neuropathies, that you touch with a feather is causes serve pain. this would be an example |
| anesthia | absence of pain & loss of consciousness. |
| Dysesthesia | just the distortions of somesthetic sensation, typically accompanys like a partial loss of sensory nervation. |
| hypalgesia | reduced pain sensation |
| analgesia | absence of pain still conscious |
| allodynia | pain after non-noxious stimulus. something that is common that should react like that in a person. people that have the neuropathies, that you touch with a feather is causes serve pain. this would be an example |
| anesthia | absence of pain & loss of consciousness. |
| A-delta fibers | Large, myelinated fibers, impulses travel quickly, "fast pain", release glutamate at the synapse with the spinal neurons. |
| C-fibers | small, nonmyelinated, Impulses slower "slow pain" release glutamate and substance P |
| cutaneous | sharp, burning pain that has its origin in the skin or subcutaneous. (paper cut) |
| Deep somatic | more diffuse and throbbing pain in muscles, bones and tendons and radiates outward (throbbing pain, sprain ankle) |
| Visceral | diffuse and poorly defined pain that results from stretching, distension or ischemia of tissues in body organs (stretching or extension IBS) |
| Referred | originates at a visceral site but is perceived as originated in the body wall ( the perceived site of pain is different from the point of orgin of the pain ) (MI) |
| acute pain | usually results from tissue damage and is characterized by autonomic nervous system response |
| chronic pain | is persistent pain that is often accompanied by loss of appetite, sleep disturbances, depression and other debilitating reponses. |
| Hyperpathia | continued stimulation causes pain (syndrome) |
| Paresthesias | spontaneous, unpleasant sensation (pins & needles) |
| dysesthesia | distortions of somesthetic sensation (partial lose of sensations) |
| hypalgesia | reduced pain sensation |
| analgesia | absence of pain (buts conscious) |
| allodynia | pain after nonb-noxious stimulus |
| trigeminal neuralgia (tic douloureux) | facial ticks, these people are on anti-convulsants. |
| Postherpetic neuralagia | herpes zoster are on ant-virals |
| complex regional pain syndrome | post traumatic pain more severe than than injury seems to warrant |
| phantom limb pain | following amputation - nerve ending get trapped in scar tissue. |
| Migraine | autosomal dominant-incomplete penetrance penetrance (run in families women) |
| cluster | autosomal dominant - hypothalmus involvement ( more prevalent in men) |
| tension-type | most common (bothersome not incapacitated. |
| temporomandibular joint pain | (tmj) |
| Monoplegia | one limb (paralysis) |
| hemiplegia | one side (paralysis) |
| tetra quadriplegia | 4 quadrants /limbs (paralysis) |
| paraplegia | |
| hyptonia | reduced excitability from weakness to paralysis |
| hypertonia | spasticity or increased muscle tone |
| rigidity | greatly increased resistance to movements in all directions |
| clonus | rhythmic contraction and alternating relaxtion of a limb caused by suddent stretching of a muscle and maintaining it gently in the stretched position |
| plegia | stroke or paralysis |
| paralysis | loss of movement |
| paresis | weakness |
| mono | one limb |
| hemi | both limbs on one side |
| di or para | both upper limbs or both lower limbs |
| quadri OR tetra | all four limbs |
| choreiform | jerky movements |
| athetoid | continuous twisting movements |
| ballismus | violent flinging movements |
| dystonia | rigidity |
| hyperkinesia | An abnormal increase in muscular activity. |
| Guillain-barre syndrome | acute immune - mediated polyneuropathy. immunocompormised by something else, progressive ascending muscle weakeness. |
| Parkinsonism | tremors, rigdity, & bradykinesia (slow shuffle walk) 3 cardinal signs - autonomic system dysfunction |
| parkinsonism | a disease of degenerative changes in the basal ganglia and possible genetic factors. has alot to do with dopamine receptors. (can get all these same symptoms of carbon monoxide poisoning) |
| parkinsonism cure | drugs that increase the function of dopaminergic system or inhibit the excessive excitatory cholinergic neurons ( liberate acetylcholine) |
| Multiple sclerosis | a demyelinating disease of the CNS, affects 20-40 year olds, effects women more, experience periods of exacerbation & remissions. |
| Multiple sclerosis treatment | corticosteroids & immuno-suppressive drugs. |
| Main complaint with MS | fatigue |
| MS lessions | hard, sharp edged demyelinated or sclerotic patches in the white matter of the brain. |
| cerebellum damage | vestibulocerebellar disorder - cant sit up errect, fall to one side more than another. cerebellar ataxia, cerebellar tremor, problems with posture. |
| Amyotrophic Lateral sclerosis (ALS) | Lou garrets disease. entire sensory system, regulatory mechanisms, and those that control movement are intact.damages both upper and lower motor neurons, |
| spinal cord injury | 53% happens to 16-30 year olds due to accidents |
| spinal cord shock | temporary complete loss of function below injury |
| primary neurologic injury | irreversible damage to neurons. occurs at the time of the mechanical injury. |
| The higher the level of injury (on the spinal cord) | the greater the effect, so less chance of recovering. |
| Secondary injury to the spinal cord | neurons and white matter in area of initial damage are affected.promotes the progression of the injury. |
| Vascular damage | neruonal injury & loss of reflexes, release of vasoactive substances, (norepinephrine, serotonin, dopamine & histomine) |
| Central cord syndrome (partial sc injury) | damage to axons near the gray matter, arms more affected than legs, cervical cord injury, & elderly with artheritic stenosis. |
| Anterior cord syndrome (partial sc injury) | damage to anterior section of cord, motor functions affected, touch sensation not affected, infarction of spinal curve. |
| Brown-Sequard syndrome | damage to one side of cord, loss of function of one side, motor function lost on that side, pain/temperature sensation lost from other side |
| coup-contrecoup injury | brain contussion at the site of impact and injury to the brain on the opposite side (rebound) |
| concussion | a momentary interruption of brain function with or without loss of consciousness |
| contussion | is a bruise to the cortical surface of the brain caused by blunt head trauma - any where the brain comes into contact with the skull |
| Diffuse axonal injury | a primary lession with diffuse microscopic damage to axons i the cerebral hemisphere, corpus callosum and brain stem. (a sudden acceleration or deceleration - stretch/tearing of nerve cells in the white matter) most common cause of vegetative state. |
Created by:
CHARLIA