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Particle physics
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Neutron | udd |
| Proton | uud |
| Elementary/Fundamental Particle | Particle that has no substructure |
| Hadron | Quarks bonded by strong force |
| Strong force | Gluons Very short range 10^-15 m Explains why quarks in proton w/same charge near eachother are not repelled. |
| Weak force | Z^0 and +/- W gauge boson Very short range 10^-18 m Radioactive decay (Beta-decay) |
| Gravity | Infinite range Does not play big role in particle physics |
| Fermions | Definition: Particles that make up matter. Types: Quarks (up, down, charm, strange, top, bottom) and Leptons (electron, muon, tau, neutrinos) |
| Bosons | Definition: Force carriers or mediators of fundamental forces. Examples: Photon (electromagnetic force), W and Z bosons (weak force), gluon (strong force), Higgs boson (Higgs field interaction) |
| Z boson | Flavor changing neutral current Z^0->(quark, antiquark), (neg lepton, pos lepton), (neutrino, antineutrino) |
| W boson | W^+ and W^-. Decays into lepton (neg) and corresp. neutrino. Decays into quarks(uct) and corresp. generation (dsb) |
| Gluons | Carries color charge and binds with 8 gluons. Last gluon is completely symmetric 1/sqrt(3) (rr^,gg^,bb^). Gluons can couple to eachother. |
| Photon | Massless. Neutral charge. Neutral color charge. |
| Higgs | Scalar boson. Zero spin. Neutral. Short lifetime. Interacts via the Higgs field(Higgs Mechanism). The Higgs boson is the "rumor" that brings the Higgs field "crowd" to the particle w/ mass "famous person". |
| Higgs field | The Higgs field gives particles their mass. |
| Confiment | There are no free quarks. They are confined in hadrons. |
| Screening | Value of charge changes (gets larger) the closer we get. |
| Anti-screening | The (color) charge will increase as we move further away from the charge. |
| Asymptotic freedom | Quarks seem to behave like free particles when they are close together. |
| Coupling constant | g_s is stronger >> than g_EM >> g_weakly |
| Time decay | Decays first strongly, then electromagnetically, then weakly. |
| Jets | To the energy needed to seperate a quark pair makes it more energitically favourable to create new quark pairs. Therefore a "spray" of quarks will be shown and are called jets. |
| Electromagnetic shower | Produced by a particle that interacts via EM. Electron or photon. |
| Hadronic shower | Produced by hadrons and interacts via strong force. Particles interact and gives multiple lesser energy particles. |
| Meson | quark and anti-quark pair |
| Baryon | three quarks or three anti-quarks. |
| charge: u,c,t | q=+2/3 |
| charge: anti(u,c,t) | q=-2/3 |
| charge:d,s,b | q=-1/3 |
| charge: anti(d,s,b) | q=+1/3 |
| +pion | ud^ (up anti-down) |
| 0pion (neutral) | uu^or dd^ (up anti-up) (down anti-down) |
| pion- | du^(down anti-up) |
| K+ | us^(up anti-strange) |
| K^0 | ds^(down anti-strange) |
| K- | su^(strange anti-up) |
| Λ "lambda" | uds (anti lambda = anti (uds)) |
| Phi (meson) | ss^(strange anti-strange) |
| ∆++ | uuu |
| ∆− | ddd |
| Ω− | sss |
| D+ | cd^ |
| D− | dc^ |
| D^0 | cu^ |
| B+ | ub^ |
| B− | bu^ |
| B^0 | db^ |
| J/ψ | cc^ |
| Υ ("Upsilon") | bb^ |
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