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The persistence of learning over time through the storage and retrieval of information.
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The processing of information into the memory system- for example, by extracting meaning
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ap psych unit 5

cognitive psychology review

QuestionAnswer
The persistence of learning over time through the storage and retrieval of information. Memory
The processing of information into the memory system- for example, by extracting meaning Encoding
The retention of encoded information over time. Storage
The process of getting information out of memory storage. Retrieval
The immediate, very brief recording of sensory information in the memory system. Sensory memory
Activated memory that holds a few items briefly, such as the seven digits of a phone number while dialing, before the information is stored or forgotten. Short term memory
The relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system. Includes knowledge, skills, and experiences. Long-term memory
A newer understanding of short-term memory that focuses on conscious, active processing of incoming auditory and visual-spatial information, and of information retrieved from long term memory. Working memory
The processing of many aspects of a problem simultaneously; the brain's natural mode of information processing for many functions, including vision. Contrasts with the step by step processing of most computers and of conscious problem solving. Parallel processing
Unconscious encoding of incidental information, such as space, time, and frequency, and of well-learned information, such as word meanings. Automatic processing
Encoding that requires attention and conscious effort. Effortful processing
The conscious repetition of information, either to maintain it in consciousness or to encode it for storage. Rehearsal
The tendency for distributed study or practice to yield better long-term retention than is achieved through massed study or practice. Spacing effect
Our tendency to recall best the last and first items in a list. Serial position effect
The encoding of picture images. Visual encoding
The encoding of sound, especially the sound of words. Acoustic encoding
The encoding of meaning, including the meaning of words. Semantic encoding
Mental pictures; a powerful aid to effortful processing, especially when combined with semantic encoding. Imagery
Memory aids, especially those techniques that use vivid imagery and organizational devices. Mnemonics
Organizing items into familiar, manageable units; often occurs automatically Chunking
A momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli; a photographic or picture-image memory lasting no more than a few tenths of a second. Iconic memory
A momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli; if attention is elsewhere, sounds and words can still be recalled within 3 or 4 seconds. Echoic memory
An increase in a synapse's firing potential after brief, rapid stimulation. Believed to be a neural basis for learning and memory. Long term potentiation (LTP)
A clear memory of an emotionally significant moment or event. Flashbulb memory
The loss of memory Amnesia
Retention independent of conscious recollection. (Also called nondeclarative or procedural memory.) Implicit memory
Memory of facts and experiences that one can consciously know and "declare." (Also called declarative memory.) Explicit memory
A neural center that is located in the limbic system; helps process explicit memories for storage. Hippocampus
A measure of memory in which the person must retrieve information learned earlier, as on a fill-in-the-blank test. Recall
A measure of memory in which the person need only identify items previously learned, as on a multiple-choice test. Recognition
A measure of memory that assesses the amount of time saved when learning material for a second time. Relearning
The activation, often unconsciously, of certain associations, thus predisposing one's perception, memory, or response. Priming
The tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with one's current good or bad mood. Mood congruent memory
All the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating. Cognition
A mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, or people. Concept
A mental image or best example of a category. Prototype
A methodical, logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem. Contrasts with the usually speedier—but also more error-prone—use of heuristics Algorithm
A simple thinking strategy that often allows us to make judgments and solve problems efficiently; usually speedier but also more error-prone than algorithms. Heuristic
A sudden and often novel realization of the solution to a problem; it contrasts with strategy-based solutions. Insight
The ability to produce novel and valuable ideas. Creativity
A tendency to search for information that supports our preconceptions and to ignore contradictory evidence. Confirmation Bias
The inability to see a problem from a new perspective, by employing a different mental set. Fixation
A tendency to approach a problem in one particular way, often a way that has been successful in the past. Mental set
The tendency to think of things only in terms of their usual functions; an impediment to problem solving. Functional fixedness
Judging the likelihood of things in terms of how well they seem to represent, or match, particular prototypes; may lead us to ignore other relevant information Representativeness heuristic
Estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory; if instances come readily to mind (perhaps because of their vividness), we presume such events are common. Availability heuristic
The tendency to be more confident than correct—to overestimate the accuracy of our beliefs and judgments. Overconfidence
Clinging to one's initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited. Belief perseverance
An effortless, immediate, automatic feeling or thought, as contrasted with explicit, conscious reasoning. Intuition
Our spoken, written, or signed words and the ways we combine them to communicate meaning. Language
In language, the smallest distinctive sound unit. Phoneme
In a language, the smallest unit that carries meaning; may be a word or a part of a word (such as a prefix). Morpheme
In a language, a system of rules that enables us to communicate with and understand others. Grammar
The set of rules by which we derive meaning from morphemes, words, and sentences in a given language; also, the study of meaning. Semantics
The rules for combining words into grammatically sensible sentences in a given language. Syntax
Beginning at about 4 months, the stage of speech development in which the infant spontaneously utters various sounds at first unrelated to the household language. Babbling stage
The stage in speech development, from about age 1 to 2, during which a child speaks mostly in single words. One word stage
Beginning about age 2, the stage in speech development during which a child speaks mostly two-word statements. Two word stage
Early speech stage in which a child speaks like a telegram—"go car"—using mostly nouns and verbs. Telegraphic speech
Whorf's hypothesis that language determines the way we think. Linguistic determinism
Impairment of language, usually caused by left hemisphere damage either to Broca's area (impairing speaking) or to Wernicke's area (impairing understanding) Aphasia
controls language expression-area of the frontal lobe in left hemisphere that directs muscle movements involved in speech Broca's area
Controls language reception. Damage creates inability to comprehend language; usually in the left temporal lobe. Wernicke's area
Created by: ctrible
 

 



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