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ap psych unit 5
cognitive psychology review
Question | Answer |
---|---|
The persistence of learning over time through the storage and retrieval of information. | Memory |
The processing of information into the memory system- for example, by extracting meaning | Encoding |
The retention of encoded information over time. | Storage |
The process of getting information out of memory storage. | Retrieval |
The immediate, very brief recording of sensory information in the memory system. | Sensory memory |
Activated memory that holds a few items briefly, such as the seven digits of a phone number while dialing, before the information is stored or forgotten. | Short term memory |
The relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system. Includes knowledge, skills, and experiences. | Long-term memory |
A newer understanding of short-term memory that focuses on conscious, active processing of incoming auditory and visual-spatial information, and of information retrieved from long term memory. | Working memory |
The processing of many aspects of a problem simultaneously; the brain's natural mode of information processing for many functions, including vision. Contrasts with the step by step processing of most computers and of conscious problem solving. | Parallel processing |
Unconscious encoding of incidental information, such as space, time, and frequency, and of well-learned information, such as word meanings. | Automatic processing |
Encoding that requires attention and conscious effort. | Effortful processing |
The conscious repetition of information, either to maintain it in consciousness or to encode it for storage. | Rehearsal |
The tendency for distributed study or practice to yield better long-term retention than is achieved through massed study or practice. | Spacing effect |
Our tendency to recall best the last and first items in a list. | Serial position effect |
The encoding of picture images. | Visual encoding |
The encoding of sound, especially the sound of words. | Acoustic encoding |
The encoding of meaning, including the meaning of words. | Semantic encoding |
Mental pictures; a powerful aid to effortful processing, especially when combined with semantic encoding. | Imagery |
Memory aids, especially those techniques that use vivid imagery and organizational devices. | Mnemonics |
Organizing items into familiar, manageable units; often occurs automatically | Chunking |
A momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli; a photographic or picture-image memory lasting no more than a few tenths of a second. | Iconic memory |
A momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli; if attention is elsewhere, sounds and words can still be recalled within 3 or 4 seconds. | Echoic memory |
An increase in a synapse's firing potential after brief, rapid stimulation. Believed to be a neural basis for learning and memory. | Long term potentiation (LTP) |
A clear memory of an emotionally significant moment or event. | Flashbulb memory |
The loss of memory | Amnesia |
Retention independent of conscious recollection. (Also called nondeclarative or procedural memory.) | Implicit memory |
Memory of facts and experiences that one can consciously know and "declare." (Also called declarative memory.) | Explicit memory |
A neural center that is located in the limbic system; helps process explicit memories for storage. | Hippocampus |
A measure of memory in which the person must retrieve information learned earlier, as on a fill-in-the-blank test. | Recall |
A measure of memory in which the person need only identify items previously learned, as on a multiple-choice test. | Recognition |
A measure of memory that assesses the amount of time saved when learning material for a second time. | Relearning |
The activation, often unconsciously, of certain associations, thus predisposing one's perception, memory, or response. | Priming |
The tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with one's current good or bad mood. | Mood congruent memory |
All the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating. | Cognition |
A mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, or people. | Concept |
A mental image or best example of a category. | Prototype |
A methodical, logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem. Contrasts with the usually speedier—but also more error-prone—use of heuristics | Algorithm |
A simple thinking strategy that often allows us to make judgments and solve problems efficiently; usually speedier but also more error-prone than algorithms. | Heuristic |
A sudden and often novel realization of the solution to a problem; it contrasts with strategy-based solutions. | Insight |
The ability to produce novel and valuable ideas. | Creativity |
A tendency to search for information that supports our preconceptions and to ignore contradictory evidence. | Confirmation Bias |
The inability to see a problem from a new perspective, by employing a different mental set. | Fixation |
A tendency to approach a problem in one particular way, often a way that has been successful in the past. | Mental set |
The tendency to think of things only in terms of their usual functions; an impediment to problem solving. | Functional fixedness |
Judging the likelihood of things in terms of how well they seem to represent, or match, particular prototypes; may lead us to ignore other relevant information | Representativeness heuristic |
Estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory; if instances come readily to mind (perhaps because of their vividness), we presume such events are common. | Availability heuristic |
The tendency to be more confident than correct—to overestimate the accuracy of our beliefs and judgments. | Overconfidence |
Clinging to one's initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited. | Belief perseverance |
An effortless, immediate, automatic feeling or thought, as contrasted with explicit, conscious reasoning. | Intuition |
Our spoken, written, or signed words and the ways we combine them to communicate meaning. | Language |
In language, the smallest distinctive sound unit. | Phoneme |
In a language, the smallest unit that carries meaning; may be a word or a part of a word (such as a prefix). | Morpheme |
In a language, a system of rules that enables us to communicate with and understand others. | Grammar |
The set of rules by which we derive meaning from morphemes, words, and sentences in a given language; also, the study of meaning. | Semantics |
The rules for combining words into grammatically sensible sentences in a given language. | Syntax |
Beginning at about 4 months, the stage of speech development in which the infant spontaneously utters various sounds at first unrelated to the household language. | Babbling stage |
The stage in speech development, from about age 1 to 2, during which a child speaks mostly in single words. | One word stage |
Beginning about age 2, the stage in speech development during which a child speaks mostly two-word statements. | Two word stage |
Early speech stage in which a child speaks like a telegram—"go car"—using mostly nouns and verbs. | Telegraphic speech |
Whorf's hypothesis that language determines the way we think. | Linguistic determinism |
Impairment of language, usually caused by left hemisphere damage either to Broca's area (impairing speaking) or to Wernicke's area (impairing understanding) | Aphasia |
controls language expression-area of the frontal lobe in left hemisphere that directs muscle movements involved in speech | Broca's area |
Controls language reception. Damage creates inability to comprehend language; usually in the left temporal lobe. | Wernicke's area |