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Thermo cht 4 + 5
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Reynolds Transport Theorem | converts a (closed) system analysis into a control volume analysis, and relates the time derivative of a system property to the rate of change of that property within a control volume at the instant when the system and the control volume coincide |
| The 1st law of thermodynamics | energy conservation → quantitative relation between Q, W, and E . |
| Thermal Reservoir | A body or a system of which the temperature remains constant even when heat is added or removed for example: ocean, atmosphere |
| Clausius statement of the 2nd law of thermodynamics | It is impossible to construct a system that yields heat transfer from a cooler body to a hotter body without an input of work |
| Kelvin-Plank statement of the 2nd law of thermodynamics (1) | (1) It is impossible for any power-generating “cycle” to deliver a net amount of work while thermally interacting with a single reservoir. |
| Kelvin-Plank statement of the 2nd law of thermodynamics (2) | (2)It is impossible to construct a device that operates in a “cycle”, receives heat energy, and does work equal to or greater than the amount of heat energy received. → Efficiency is always less than 100%. |
| Reversible processes | A process that can be reversed without giving any change to the system and surroundings → idealized process. |
| Irreversible process | All the actual physical processes we know are irreversible. However, some processes are close to reversible process |
| Factors leading to irreversibilities | (a) Friction (b) Heat transfer through a finite temperature difference (c) Unrestrained expansion (d) Mixing of substance at different compositions or states (e) Chemical reaction (f) Electric current flow through a resistance, and many others |
| Internal irreversibilities | irreversibilities within the system |
| External irreversibilities | irreversibilities outside the system (within the surroundings) |
| Internally reversible process | a process in which there are no internal irreversibilities. → equivalent to quasi-equilibrium process |
| Power cycle | cycles producing a net work transfer |
| Carnot corollaries | (1) when each cycle operates between the same two thermal reservoirs (because of energy loss due to irreversibility) (2)n of all the reversible cycles are the same if they operate between the same two thermal reservoirs (because of zero energy loss). |
| Carnot Cycle | A cycle that consists of two internally reversible adiabatic processes alternated with two internally reversible isothermal processes |
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thermosucks
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