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Pozzulo details
Cambridge International Pozzulo details
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is the psychology being investigated in this study? | Eyewitness testimony; false positive responses |
| What is eyewitness testimony? | The recall from people who have seen or heard an incident, such as a crime |
| What is a false positive response? | When an eyewitness incorrectly identifies a person from a lineup that was not involved - instead, they should reject the lineup |
| In background to the study, what did Pozzulo & Lindsay find was different between children and adults in EWT? | Children made more false positive responses than adults |
| What was the aim of this study? | To determine whether children are more influenced by social factors than cognitive factors (i.e. make false positive responses due to social pressure) |
| What type of experiment was used? | Lab (though the IV of age was naturally-occurring) |
| This study is described as having a 'mixed factorial design'. What does that mean in this study? | It combines independent groups and repeated measures, as there are three main Ivs |
| Describe the sample of children used in this study | 59, including 21F and 38M. Aged 4-7 years, average age of 4.98 years |
| Describe the sample of adults used in this study | 53, including 36F and 17M. Aged 17-30 years, average age of 20.54 years |
| List the independent variables in this study | Adult or child ppt; Target-absent or target-present; Human or cartoon face |
| List the dependent variables in this study | Correct identification/rejection rates (whether they identify the right face/reject a lineup where the target is absent) |
| Describe the videos involving human targets | 6-second video clip; either a woman brushing her hair or a man putting on his coat, and the clip involved a 2-3 second close-up of the face. Both were 22 years old. |
| Describe the videos involving cartoon targets | 6-second video clip; either Dora the Explorer talking to her audience or Go Diego Go putting on a pair of gloves. Each clip involved a 2-3s close-up of the face. |
| Why did researchers use cartoon figures? | To provide a familiar target face that roughly 100% of children would recognise, so that cognitive factors are controlled |
| Describe the clothes worn by the administrators | professional-casual clothing (e.g., sweater/blouse and dress-pants). Neat, but not overly formal |
| What is meant by a 'target-present' condition? | When the target is shown as part of the line-up |
| What is meant by a 'target-absent' condition? | When the line-up is made up of only foils and not the target |
| What is a 'foil' in this study? | A figure that was not in the target video |
| How were human foils selected in this study? | Three raters selected from 90F and 90M faces. They were chosen for similarity of facial structure, hair length and colour |
| How were cartoon foils selected in this study? | Three raters judged 10 choices for each target (highest scoring 4 were chosen). Similarity was based on facial structure, hair length and colour |
| How did researchers control other identifying features of the cartoon targets? | They cropped the image to only show the face (no clothing) and used black & white images. |
| In the lineup, how many faces were they shown? | Four |
| What is meant by 'correct identification' in this study? | When they select the right target from the line up |
| What is meant by 'false identification' in this study? | When they select the wrong face (a foil) from the line up |
| What is meant by 'correct rejection' in this study? | When they accurately say the target is absent from the line up |
| What is meant by 'false rejection' in this study? | When they wrongly choose a foil even though the target was absent |
| What instructions were provided to the participants prior to each lineup? | “Please look at the photos. The person/cartoon from the video may or may not be here. If you see the person/cartoon please point to the photo. If you do not see the person/cartoon, please point to this box (indicating)” |
| What 'filler task' were participants given between watching the video and being shown the lineup? | They were given an open-ended question to describe everything they could remember about each video clip. |
| How did researchers ensure they received informed consent for the children? | Parents/guardians of the children attending private schools in the community were supplied with a written consent form. Only children with consent were invited to participate |
| How did researchers create a level of comfort for the children? | They worked with the children to make some crafts before watching the videos |
| What were the correct rejection rates for adults? (include humans and cartoons) | 70% for humans and 94% for cartoons |
| What were the correct rejection rates for children? (include humans and cartoons) | 45% for humans and 74% for cartoons |
| What did Pozzulo conclude from this study? | Children are affected by social factors more than adults, and therefore are more likely to give false positive responses |
| Why might the use of cartoon faces be a flaw for the study's validity? | Cartoon faces may be processed differently than photographs of human faces, so could cause an extraneous variable |
Created by:
MrSamBlakeley