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Anatomy ch.10
ch.10 review
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are the four main functions of skeletal muscle tissue? | Producing motions/movements, stabilizing body positons, storing and moving substances within the body, generating heat(thermgenesis) |
| List the four properties exhibited by muscle tissue? | Electrical Excitability, Contractility, Extensibility,Elasticity |
| Characteristic of electrical excitability | The ability of muscle tissue to receive and respond to chemical or electrical stimuli. |
| Characteristic of Contractility | The ability of muscle tissue to shorten in length generating the force needed to move objects. |
| Characteristic of Extensibility | The ability of muscle tisssue to be stretched without damaging the tissue. |
| Characteristic of Elasticity | The ability of muscle tissue toreturn to the original size and shape after contraction or extension. |
| What are the three types of muscle tissue? | skeletal,cardiac,smooth |
| Skeletal Muscle characteristics | Location-usually attached to a bone when contracts or relaxes produces body movements, striated,multinucleated,voluntary |
| Cardiac Muscle characteristics | Location-Forms the walls of the heart,striated, multi nucleated,involuntary |
| Smooth Muscle characteristics | Location-walls of hollow structures;blood vessels,stomach intestines,urinary bladder-nonstriated, mononucleated,involuntary |
| Name the various layers of the connective tissue associated with muscle. Epimysium,perimysium,endomysium | Epimysium covers the entire muscle belly. Perimysium covers a group of muscle fibers. Endomysium covers an individual muscle fiber. |
| What are the main functions of the blood supply to muscle tissue? | Brings oxygen and nutrients , removes waste and heat. |
| What is the Neuromuscular Junction? | Stuctural and functional site of communication between muscle fibers and nerves. |
| Why do skeletal muscle fibers appear striated: | They appear striated due to the ovelapping of filaments(alternating dark and light areas). |
| What causes the ends of the A-Bands to be darker than the center of the A-Bands? | Because of the "zone of overlap" at the ends that occur where thick and thin filaments lie side by side. |
| Why are the I-Bands lighter in color than theh A-Bands? | The I-Bands don't contain thick filaments where as the A-Bands have thick filaments. |
| Does the I-Band or A-Band shorten during a muscle contraction? | I-Band shortens |
| What are the main proteins found in muscle fibers that permit muscle contraction? | Regulatory- tropomyosin,troponin; Contractile Proteins-myosin(thick),actin(thin): Structural Proteins- Titan |
| What are the four primary sources of ATP energy for muscle contraction and aproximately how long each provides energy to the muscle cell? | Cell storage-enough time for a flinch, Creatine phosphate-about 15 seconds, Anaerobic cellular respiration-30 to 40 seconds,Aerobic cellular respiration-longer than 10 minutes. |
| What are the three main phases of a muscle twitch contraction? | Latent,contraction,and relaxation periods |
| What is a refractory period? Does cardiac or skeletal muscle tissue have a longer one? | Refractory period is the time when muscle has lost excitement. The Skeletal muscle tissue is shorter than the cardiac which is the longer. |
| What is a Motor unit? | Its a protion of muscles which include a motor(nerve) and the muscle fibers it stimulates. |
| What is the "all or none principle" and how does it relate to muscle contraction? | If a muscle fiber receives aneural signal that is strong enough to cause a muscle action potential, the cell contracts to its fullest extent. If the nerve signal inst strong enough, the muscle fiber wont contract at all. |
| What is motor unit recruitment as it relates to muscle contraction, and why does it occur? | Motor recruitment is the increase in the number of active motor units. It occurs to delay muscle fatigue and allows contraction of a whole muscle to be held(sustained)for long periods. |
| What is wave summation as it relates to muscle contractions and why does it occur? | This is when stimuli arrives at different times causing larger contractions. It occurs to produce greater force. |
| What is changing and what is staying the same during an isotonic muscle contraciton? | The tension developed by the muscle remains almost constant while the muscle changes its length. Example; Use for body movements and moving objects as picking up a book. |
| What is changing and what is staying the same during an isometric muscle contraction? | The tension generated is not enough to exceed the resistance of the object to be moved and the muscle does not change its length. Holding a book steady using an outstretched arm. Use for maintaining posture and for supporting objects in a fixed position. |
| What does anaerobic mean, and what are the benefits of this type of exercise? | Anaerobic is without oxygen, jumping,sprinting and weightlifting. Benefits include increases the size and the strength of the muscle. |
| What does aerobic mean, and what are the benefits of this type of exercise? | Aerobic is with oxygen, exercises are those that require an activitty to continue for long period of time such as running, dancing and swimming. Benefits include increase muscle efficiency and endurance. |
| Describe some of the main differences between red muscle(dark meat)and white muscle(white meat)in regard to blood supply, number of mitochondria, and time to fatigue? | Red muscle has more myoglobin, mitochondria,blood vessels; longer fatigue time, smaller in size. White muscle has less myoglobin,nitochondria,blood vessels; shorter fatigue time, larger in size. |
| Which type of tissue is better adapted for long, sustained muscle contractions and endurance? | Red muscle |
| Which type of tissue is better adapted for short, bursts of power and strength? | White muscle |
| What sre tendons? | They are extensions of deep fascia located within the muscle that extend beyond the muscle cells and attach the muscle to bone or other muscles. |
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